Term
| Central Dogma by Francis Crick |
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Definition
| The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred from protein to either protein or nucleic acid. |
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Term
| Central Dogma of molecular biology (4) |
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Definition
The "hunt" for the genetic material
Structure of DNA
DNA replication
From DNA to proteins |
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Term
| Chromosome composition (4) |
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Definition
DNA
Histones
Non-histone proteins
RNA |
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Term
| What is Frederick Griffith known for? |
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Definition
| Transforming principle (1928) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Make avirulent to virulent strain or a physical trait can be passed from one cell to another.
Inject healthy mouse with living avirulent strain and heat killed virulent strain. The mouse contracts pneumonia and avirulent and virulent colonies are isolated from the dead mouse's tissue. |
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Term
| What is Oswald Avery known for? |
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Definition
DNA is the transforming material.
The genetic material is DNA. |
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Term
| Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiments (3) |
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Definition
The transforming activity in virulent cells is not destroyed by heat.
The transforming activity is not destroyed by either protease or RNase.
The transforming activity is destroyed by DNase. |
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Term
| What are Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey known for? |
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Definition
| Phage DNA enters the host. |
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Term
| The Hershey-Chase experiment |
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Definition
| T2 virus infects bacteria. Used isotopes of phosphorus and sulfur to label DNA and protein respectively. The genetic material is DNA. |
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Term
| Who created the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
| James Watson and Francis Crick used Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins information to construct the DNA double helix. |
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Term
| The Structure of one strand of DNA |
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Definition
| Phosphodiester backbone, deoxyribose, and goes in the 5' to 3' direction. |
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Term
| What nucleiotides form together in DNA and RNA? How many hydrogen bonds does each use? |
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Definition
DNA
Adenine and Thymine use 2 H bonds.
Guanine and Cytosine use 3 H bonds (more thermodynamically stable).
RNA
Uracil binds to Guanine or Adenine. |
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Term
| Is the interior of a double helix hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean for DNA to be in the B form? Z form? |
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Definition
B form is a right handed helix.
Z form is a left handed helix. |
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Term
| How many grooves does a DNA double helix have? |
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Definition
| 2, a major groove and a minor groove. |
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Term
| What is the width of a DNA helix in amstroms? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many amstroms are in a helical turn? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many DNA molecules per interphase chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the possibilities for DNA replication? (3) |
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Definition
Conservative - one old and one new DNA double helix
Dispersive - each strand contains old and new segments of DNA
Semi-conservative - one strand is old and one strand is new DNA |
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Term
| What are Franklin Stahl and Mathew Meselson known for? |
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Definition
| They determined how semi-conservative replication works. |
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Term
| The Meselon-Stahl Experiment |
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Definition
| DNA single strands are the conserved units. A parental double helix created 2 hybrids and those 2 hybrids created 4 hybrids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replication initiates and moves outward in a bidirectional fashion. Eukaryotes have multiple origins because of their size and time. |
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Term
| What are the properties of DNA polymerases? |
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Definition
| They require a template, a primer (almost always RNA), and they polymerize in the 5' to 3' direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Template strand --> DNA polymerase begins synthesis in the 5' to 3' direction --> dNTPs assemble the strand of DNA --> a new strand is created |
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Term
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Definition
| Loads on one strand of the double helix and unzips DNA by pushing through and breaking base pairs. |
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Term
| Leading Strand Replication |
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Definition
| Replication is continuous and takes a 3'OH to make a long chain of DNA. |
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Term
| Lagging Strand Replication |
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Definition
| Replication is discontinuous and in the 3' to 5' direction. Multiple RNA primers connect along the strand and make pieces called Okazaki fragments. |
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Term
| What happens to the RNA primers? |
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Definition
| An enzyme cleans them up and make them go away. Different enzymes do this. The RNA primers' segments are then filled with DNA. |
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Term
| Who recognized the end replication problem? |
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Definition
| Watson recognized the gap at the end of the chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribonucleoprotein complex that uses RNA as a template to add repeats at the end of a chromosome. |
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Term
| What are Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol Greider known for? |
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Definition
| Discovery of telomeres and telomerase. |
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Term
| How does telomerase solve the end replication problem? |
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Definition
| Once the 3' end of the DNA is extended, a new RNA primer can be positioned closer to the terminus to more fully replicate the chromosome end. |
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Term
| How is RNA different from DNA? |
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Definition
The sugar is different for it is a ribose.
Uracil replaces thiamine.
RNA forms 2 prime, 3 prime and 4 prime structures. |
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Term
| How is RNA polymerase different from DNA polymerase? |
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Definition
| Only one strand is used in replication. It also doesn't need a primer to start. |
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Term
| What is Roger Kornberg known for? |
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Definition
| His studies of the process by which genetic information from DNA is copied to RNA. |
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Term
| What are the 4 steps of RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
Identification or binding of the promoter which is not easy because of short sequences.
Initiate synthesis
Elongation
Termination |
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Term
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Definition
| When and where DNA polymerase binds to DNA. |
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Term
| Which RNAP do eukaryotes have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What RNAP do prokaryotes have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which RNAP makes mRNA (encodes proteins)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which RNAP makes tRNA (adapter used in translation)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which RNAP makes rRNA (in the ribosome)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does telomerase RNA make? |
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Definition
| Templates for telomeres, miRNAs, snRNAs (splicing reactions). |
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Term
| What is reverse transcriptase? |
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Definition
It is an enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA.
AKA RNA dependent DNA polymerase. |
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Term
| What are Howard Temin and David Baltimore known for? |
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Definition
| Discovered reverse transcriptase independently. |
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Term
| Is telomerase a reverse transcriptase? |
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Definition
| Yes, it synthesizes telomeric DNA repeats using its RNA subunit as a template. |
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Term
| At least how many bases would you need to specify 1 amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Frame that starts and stops translation and codes for the polypeptide chain. |
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Term
| Which amino acid does the initiator triplet always code for? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the three termination codes?
What are they named for? |
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Definition
UAG (amber)
UAA (ochre)
UGA (opal)
Named for different types of mutation. |
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Term
| What was George Gamow known for? |
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Definition
| Suggested that the 20 combinations of four DNA bases taken three at a time correspond to 20 amino acids used to form proteins |
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Term
| What are characteristics of the genetic code? |
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Definition
non overlapping triplets
fixed starting points
degenerate (more than one code for the same amino acid)
unambiguous (one set of triplet always codes for the same amino acid)
universal (prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same code) |
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Term
| Why does the code minimize the effect of mutations? (3) |
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Definition
The 3rd base changes are typically silent.
The 1st position changes give rise to similar amino acids.
The 2nd base is most closely associated with the specific type of amino acids. |
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Term
| Which bases do polar amino acids typically have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bases do nonpolar amino acids typically have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many structures do proteins have? What are their names? |
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Definition
Four
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary |
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