Term
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Definition
classification of individuals as female or male based on their genetic makeup, anatomy and reproductive functions.
*Biological Parts* |
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Term
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Definition
meanings that societies and individuals give to female and male categories.
*Things that are culturally prescribed* |
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Term
| Are men and women different?: similarities approach |
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Definition
AKA beta bias
women and men are basically alike in their intellectual and social behaviors.
Any differences that do occur are produced by socialization, not biology. |
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| Are men and women different?: differences approach |
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Definition
AKA alpha bias
emphasizes the difference between men and women
says that men are superior and women are inferior |
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Term
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Definition
| differences between men and women were thought to arise from biology |
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Term
| Comtemporary view of differences approach |
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Definition
Differences are socially constructed from cultures expectations of how we should behave
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Term
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Definition
| To promote that men and women have equal rights- economic, political and within health care. |
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Term
| How many types of feminism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
women and men should have the same political, legal, economic, and educational rights and opportunities.
Stresses the similarities between females and males
says that gender differences are a due to unequal opportunities. |
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Definition
| women and men are different and that more respect should be given to women’s special qualities |
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Definition
says gender inequality is rooted in economic inequality.
When women don’t earn as much, they are not represented equally |
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Definition
says gender inequality is based on male oppression of women.
men are to blame
patriarchy must be eliminated |
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Term
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Definition
AKA womanism.
both racism and classism (social class), must be recognized as being as important as sexism.
Not just colored women, white women |
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Term
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Definition
| first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in America in 1894. |
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| Inez Prosser and Ruth Winifred Howard |
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Definition
| first black women to recieve doctorates in psychology |
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Term
| When was the APA founded? |
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Definition
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Term
| who were the two (out of 14) APA founders that were women? |
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Definition
| Mary Whiton Calkins and Christine Ladd- Franklin |
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Term
| What was the first women president of the APA? What year? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the second women president of the APA? What year? |
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Definition
| Margaret Floy Washburn was the second in 1921 |
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Term
1960's feminist movement events (6) |
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Definition
1) Betty Friedan’s (1963) book The Feminist Mystique.
2) Passage of the Equal Pay Act
3) Formation of the National Organization for Women (NOW).
4) Psychology of women emerged as a separate field of study.
5) 1969: Association for Women in Psychology was founded.
6) 1973: APA division of the Psychology of Women. |
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Term
| Methods: narrative approach |
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Definition
Interviewing and talking
First done by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Nagy Jacklin in 1974. |
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Term
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Definition
| Integrate a lot of other studies |
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Term
| Definition: Gender Stereotypes |
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Definition
widely held beliefs about the attributes of males and females
Female = communion, primary caregivers
Males = agency, providers |
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Term
| What ethnicity holds the least gender stereotypes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is ageism more strongly directed towardds men or women? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Neimann and colleagues (1994)study, what was the most popular rated trait for women? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Neimann and colleagues (1994) study, black women were viewed as.. |
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Definition
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Term
| In Neimann and colleagues (1994) asian women were viewed as... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| People tend to attribute more negative characteristics to women with disabilities than the able-bodied woman |
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Term
| Definition: Social Categorization |
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Definition
women = domestic role
men = employee role |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors that serve to restrict women’s roles and maintain male dominance |
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Term
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Definition
| Violating gender stereotypes can result in social and economic reprisals |
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Term
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Definition
one’s self definition of being female or male
usually develops between ages 2 and 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs about the appropriate traits, interests, behaviors and roles for males and females |
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Term
| prenatal sex differentiation |
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Definition
| The biological processes that influence the making of our physical sex. |
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Term
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Definition
last pair of chromosomes determine sex
two X = female
one X from mom and one Y from dad = male |
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Term
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Definition
6th week testes develop from Y
12th week XX develop ovaries |
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Term
| After gonad development, boys need ___ and girls need _____. |
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Definition
boy = androgen
girls = estrogen |
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Term
| Foundation for female reproductive organs |
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Definition
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Term
| foundation of male reproduction organs |
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Definition
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Term
| The intermingling of female and male sex characteristics occurs in about ___ of all births. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Condition in which the individual has a single X chromosome rather than a pair
the individual has neither ovaries nor testes
usually raised as a girl |
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Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
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Definition
Inherited disorder in which the adrenal glands of a genetic female malfunction and produce an androgen-like hormone.
causes an elarged clitorous or penis |
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Term
| Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome |
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Definition
inherited disorder in which the body of a genetic male cannot utilize androgen
the baby is male but with female organs |
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Term
| Alpha-Reductive Deficiency |
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Definition
genetic males stops the genital tissue from developing into a penis
the parts are there but look female |
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Term
| Psychoanalytical Theory of Gender |
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Definition
| stems from children’s awareness of anatomical differences between males and females, combined with their strong inborn sexual urges |
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Term
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Definition
- Between ages 3 and 6.
- The first is the discovery of anatomical differences between males and females.
- Oedipal and Electra complexes. |
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Term
| Social Learning Theory of Gender Theorist |
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Definition
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Term
| Social Learning Theory of Gender |
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Definition
Says that gender development is influenced by the social environment.
Children acquire behaviors associated with their gender because those behaviors are more likely to be imitated and to be associated with positive reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| the acquisition of behaviors via the observation of role models |
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Term
| Reinforcement and punishment |
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Definition
| even though children engage in cross-gender observational learning, they are likely to perform gender-appropriate behaviors. |
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Term
| Social Cognition theorist |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Observational learning and rewards and punishment following behavior cannot alone account for gender typing.
Thought processes (cognition) also play a role. |
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Term
| Cognitive Development Theorist |
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Definition
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Term
| Cognitive Development Theory of Gender |
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Definition
| Children are neither pushed by their biological desires nor external rewards and punishments. Instead, they are active learners, attempting to make sense of their environment. |
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Term
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Definition
CDT
gender is permanent, regardless of change in age, behavior, appearance. Develops between 4 and 7 years. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Gender Schema Theory of Gender |
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Definition
childrens gender schema guides their social perception and actions.
gender schema development stems from learning the gender norms and practices of society. |
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Term
| Personal Attributes Questionairre |
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Definition
- Strapp
- Four categories:
1) femininity
2) masculinity
3) androgyny
4) undifferentiated |
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