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Gender Psychology
Exam1
59
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/03/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Definition: Sex
Definition
classification of individuals as female or male based on their genetic makeup, anatomy and reproductive functions.
*Biological Parts*
Term
Definition: Gender
Definition
meanings that societies and individuals give to female and male categories.
*Things that are culturally prescribed*
Term
Are men and women different?: similarities approach
Definition
AKA beta bias

women and men are basically alike in their intellectual and social behaviors.

Any differences that do occur are produced by socialization, not biology.
Term
Are men and women different?: differences approach
Definition
AKA alpha bias

emphasizes the difference between men and women

says that men are superior and women are inferior
Term
Define: essentialism
Definition
differences between men and women were thought to arise from biology
Term
Comtemporary view of differences approach
Definition

Differences are socially constructed from cultures expectations of how we should behave

 

 

Term
Define: feminism
Definition
To promote that men and women have equal rights- economic, political and within health care.
Term
How many types of feminism?
Definition
5
Term
Liberal Feminism
Definition
women and men should have the same political, legal, economic, and educational rights and opportunities.

Stresses the similarities between females and males
says that gender differences are a due to unequal opportunities.
Term
Cultural Feminism
Definition
women and men are different and that more respect should be given to women’s special qualities
Term
Socialist Feminism
Definition
says gender inequality is rooted in economic inequality.

When women don’t earn as much, they are not represented equally
Term
Radical Feminism
Definition
says gender inequality is based on male oppression of women.

men are to blame

patriarchy must be eliminated
Term
Women of Color Feminism
Definition
AKA womanism.

both racism and classism (social class), must be recognized as being as important as sexism.

Not just colored women, white women
Term
Margaret Floy Washburn
Definition
first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in America in 1894.
Term
Inez Prosser and Ruth Winifred Howard
Definition
first black women to recieve doctorates in psychology
Term
When was the APA founded?
Definition
1892
Term
who were the two (out of 14) APA founders that were women?
Definition
Mary Whiton Calkins and Christine Ladd- Franklin
Term
What was the first women president of the APA? What year?
Definition
Calkins, 1905
Term
Who was the second women president of the APA? What year?
Definition
Margaret Floy Washburn was the second in 1921
Term

1960's feminist movement events (6)

Definition

1) Betty Friedan’s (1963) book The Feminist Mystique.

 

2) Passage of the Equal Pay Act

 

3) Formation of the National Organization for Women (NOW).

 

4) Psychology of women emerged as a separate field of study.

 

5) 1969: Association for Women in Psychology was founded.

 

6) 1973: APA division of the Psychology of Women.

Term
Methods: narrative approach
Definition
Interviewing and talking

First done by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Nagy Jacklin in 1974.
Term
Methods: Meta-Analysis
Definition
Integrate a lot of other studies
Term
Definition: Gender Stereotypes
Definition
widely held beliefs about the attributes of males and females

Female = communion, primary caregivers
Males = agency, providers
Term
What ethnicity holds the least gender stereotypes?
Definition
US blacks
Term
Is ageism more strongly directed towardds men or women?
Definition
women
Term
In Neimann and colleagues (1994)study, what was the most popular rated trait for women?
Definition
pleasent
Term
In Neimann and colleagues (1994) study, black women were viewed as..
Definition
speaking more loudly
Term
In Neimann and colleagues (1994) asian women were viewed as...
Definition
speaking more softly
Term
Definition: Ableism
Definition
People tend to attribute more negative characteristics to women with disabilities than the able-bodied woman
Term
Definition: Social Categorization
Definition
women = domestic role

men = employee role
Term
Definition: Sexism
Definition
behaviors that serve to restrict women’s roles and maintain male dominance
Term
The Backlash Effect
Definition
Violating gender stereotypes can result in social and economic reprisals
Term
Gender Identity
Definition
one’s self definition of being female or male

usually develops between ages 2 and 3
Term
gender attitudes
Definition
beliefs about the appropriate traits, interests, behaviors and roles for males and females
Term
prenatal sex differentiation
Definition
The biological processes that influence the making of our physical sex.
Term
Chromosomes and sex
Definition
last pair of chromosomes determine sex

two X = female

one X from mom and one Y from dad = male
Term
Gonad Development
Definition
6th week testes develop from Y

12th week XX develop ovaries
Term
After gonad development, boys need ___ and girls need _____.
Definition
boy = androgen
girls = estrogen
Term
Foundation for female reproductive organs
Definition
mullerian duct
Term
foundation of male reproduction organs
Definition
wolffian duct
Term
The intermingling of female and male sex characteristics occurs in about ___ of all births.
Definition
1.7%
Term
Turner's Syndrome
Definition
Condition in which the individual has a single X chromosome rather than a pair

the individual has neither ovaries nor testes

usually raised as a girl
Term
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Definition
Inherited disorder in which the adrenal glands of a genetic female malfunction and produce an androgen-like hormone.

causes an elarged clitorous or penis
Term
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome
Definition
inherited disorder in which the body of a genetic male cannot utilize androgen

the baby is male but with female organs
Term
Alpha-Reductive Deficiency
Definition
genetic males stops the genital tissue from developing into a penis

the parts are there but look female
Term
Psychoanalytical Theory of Gender
Definition
stems from children’s awareness of anatomical differences between males and females, combined with their strong inborn sexual urges
Term
Phalllic Stage
Definition
- Between ages 3 and 6.

- The first is the discovery of anatomical differences between males and females.

- Oedipal and Electra complexes.
Term
Social Learning Theory of Gender Theorist
Definition
- Walter Mischel
Term
Social Learning Theory of Gender
Definition
Says that gender development is influenced by the social environment.

Children acquire behaviors associated with their gender because those behaviors are more likely to be imitated and to be associated with positive reinforcement.
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
the acquisition of behaviors via the observation of role models
Term
Reinforcement and punishment
Definition
even though children engage in cross-gender observational learning, they are likely to perform gender-appropriate behaviors.
Term
Social Cognition theorist
Definition
Bandura
Term
Social Cognition Theory
Definition
Observational learning and rewards and punishment following behavior cannot alone account for gender typing.

Thought processes (cognition) also play a role.
Term
Cognitive Development Theorist
Definition
Kohlberg
Term
Cognitive Development Theory of Gender
Definition
Children are neither pushed by their biological desires nor external rewards and punishments. Instead, they are active learners, attempting to make sense of their environment.
Term
Gender Constancy
Definition
CDT

gender is permanent, regardless of change in age, behavior, appearance. Develops between 4 and 7 years.
Term
Gender Schema Theorist
Definition
Bem
Term
Gender Schema Theory of Gender
Definition
childrens gender schema guides their social perception and actions.

gender schema development stems from learning the gender norms and practices of society.
Term
Personal Attributes Questionairre
Definition
- Strapp
- Four categories:
1) femininity
2) masculinity
3) androgyny
4) undifferentiated
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