Term
| benefits of marriage to men |
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Definition
1. wives support emotionally and check up on their health
2. wives "nag" their husbands to do things + to seek medical help |
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Term
Who has a higher rate of morbidity (illness): Men or women?
Who has a higher rate of mortality? |
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Definition
Women have a higher rate of illness
men have a higher rate of death |
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Term
| why are men at a higher risk for having cardiovascular disease? |
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Definition
-women eat healthier and smoke less
more women DIE from CVD than men, but men get it at a younger age |
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Term
| Cancer: who has a higher death rate; men or women? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
developed breast cancer
breast cancer affects 1,000 men per year in the US |
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Term
| what is the leading cause of death for adolescents and young adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| men are _ times more likely than women to binge drink |
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Definition
| men are 3 times more likely to binge drink |
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Term
| why do men seek less medical help? |
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Definition
| masculine gender role; say that they feel fine and do not need to consult physicians. women are forced to make more frequent doctors visits (to obtain birth control, blood tests, screenings), but there is no equivalent for boys and men |
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Term
| who reports more experiences of stress: men or women? |
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Definition
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Term
| Coping strategies: Seeking social support |
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Definition
talk to someone who can help
talk to someone who has experienced similar problems
talk to friends or family who will sympathize |
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Term
| Coping mechanisms: problem-focused |
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Definition
analyze the situation
plan a strategy to solve the problem
take action to get rid of the problem
concentrate on the problem |
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Term
| coping mechanisms: emotion-focused |
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Definition
become upset
express negative feelings |
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Term
| coping mechanisms: denial |
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Definition
refuse to accept the reality of the problem
try to ignore the problem |
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Term
| coping mechanisms: turn to religion |
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Definition
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Term
| coping mechanisms: disengagement |
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Definition
work on other activities
sleep more than usual
engage in distracting activities
consume alcohol or other drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
1. seek social support
2. problem-focused
3. emotion-focused
4. denial
5. turn to religion
6. disengagement |
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Term
| how can women's reactions to stressful situations be described as? |
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Definition
"tend and befriend"
seeking social support, emotional coping |
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Term
| what type of coping mechanism do men usually use? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with close relationships as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
pattern of disregard for rights of others
lying, fighting, stealing, cruelty |
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Term
| dependent personality disorder |
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Definition
| excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation |
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Term
| histronic personality disorder |
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Definition
excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior
-our culture exerts pressure upon women to adopt and exhibit histrionic behavior but labels them mentally ill if they do so |
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Term
| premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) |
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Definition
| symptoms of PMS - in the DSM - controversial because only women can have this disorder |
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Term
| what personality disorders are more common in men? |
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Definition
paranoid
antisocial
narcissistic
schizotypal |
|
|
Term
| what personality disorders are more common in women? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| to go over certain thoughts in your mind over and over |
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Term
| symptoms of major depression |
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Definition
dissatisfaction
anxiety
loss of interest and pleasure
feelings of hopelessness
changes in eating or sleep habits
difficulty in concentrating |
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|
Term
|
Definition
milder than major depression
tends to be a chronic condition that may last for years
chronic mood loss, apathy, loss of interest |
|
|
Term
| relation between testosterone and depression |
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Definition
low testosterone levels in men = higher rate of depression
higher rates of testosterone in men = higher rate of depression |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs that affect thoughts, emotions, and behavior |
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|
Term
| illegal drug use is higher in which gender? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
fear of being in new places of places or situations from which escape may be difficult
twice as common in women |
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Term
|
Definition
obsession: recurrent thoughts about something
compulsion: repetitive behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
| thought disturbances, problems in personal relationships, hallucinations |
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Term
|
Definition
| periods of mania, high activity,and elevated mood alternating with periods of depression |
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Term
|
Definition
-experience of physical symptoms of disease, but no identifiable physical basis for those symptoms
-women are more likely to receive diagnosis for this disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of physical function without any physical basis for the disability (originally called HYSTERIA) |
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Term
|
Definition
recurrence of physical complaints and the seeking of medical attention without receiving any diagnosis of a physical problem
dramatic, exaggerated complains
women account for 95% affected by this disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
-intense sexual feelings in response to objects or situations
ex: nonhuman animals, children, nonconsenting persons, children, or suffering of others |
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|
Term
| 95% of sexual masochists are what gender? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormally low or high levels of sexual desire, or difficulty achieving arousal or orgasm
-women are more likely to receive diagnoses, but men also experience this problem |
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Term
| what are the 2 different kinds of somatoform disorders? |
|
Definition
conversion disorders
somatization disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
-earliest modern therapy
-Freud's version of talk-based therapy for psych issues |
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Term
|
Definition
| a technique based on operant conditioning applied to changing desired behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
Freud
-talk-based approach
-believed that psychological problems develop when people are incapable of dealing with problems and use repression to push back problematic material into the region of unconscious
-attempt to help patients resolve their problems by bringing unconscious material to consciousness so that patients may deal with these problems rationally |
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Term
|
Definition
alternative to freud's methods and theories
-contemporary talk-based therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| humanistic approach to therapy called CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY |
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Term
|
Definition
| developed a cogitive therapy called rational-emotive therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
-thought processes are the basis of feelings and behavior
-create psychological problems + provide potential to alleviate those problems
-changes in cognition provide the foundation for changes in behavior |
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Term
| cognitive therapy: underlying source of problems |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cognitive therapy: cause of problems |
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Definition
| application of irrational beliefs to personal circumstances |
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|
Term
| cognitive therapy: goal of therapy |
|
Definition
| to change irrational beliefs to more rational ones |
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Term
| cognitive therapy: techniques |
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Definition
| confronting and disputing irrational beliefs; testing validity of negative cognitions |
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Term
| Ellis: rational-emotive therapy |
|
Definition
(form of cognitive therapy)
-insisted that therapists should set goals and therapy should be brief + problem-oriented
psych problems = as a result of people's irrational beliefs and attempts to change those beliefs
-changes in belief cause changes in emotion and behavior |
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Term
| Aaron Beck: Cognitive therapy for depression |
|
Definition
-concentrates on self-defeating thoughts
-depressed people overgeneralize person failures into the belief that they are worthless
-magnify the enormity of negative events, seeing them as unchangeable
-selection perception: see only negative aspects of events, not the positive |
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Term
| Carl Rogers: humanistic approach |
|
Definition
optimistic view
people are innately draw toward fulfilling their human potential
if they fail, it is because of their environment + circumstances |
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Term
|
Definition
-believed that problems originate from distortions in self-concept + that these distortions arise form a lack of acceptance of true feelings
-when a child is told that their feelings are unacceptable, they deny these feelings
-leads to inaccuracies of self-concept |
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Term
|
Definition
seeks to help people develop their full potential by providing a safe environment
-need to form relationship with counselor
-unconditional acceptance, empathy, congruence (be genuine)
-eliminated discrepancies between clients' actual feelings and feelings they recognize
-learn to accept selves; become open to change, develop fresh attitudes,trust self |
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Term
| client-centered therapy: 3 things a counselor needs to give to client |
|
Definition
1. unconditional acceptance
2. empathy
3. congruence (genuineness) |
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Term
|
Definition
Humanistic therapy.
PERLS
believed that psychological problems came from feelings of not feeling whole
therapy seeks to help clients become whole again by allowing them to recognize and express emotions |
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Term
| humanistic behavior: underlying source of problems |
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Definition
| discrepancy between genuine feelings and acknowledged emotions; feelings of not being "whole" |
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|
Term
| humanistic: cause of problems |
|
Definition
| blockage of development toward full potential |
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|
Term
| humanistic: goal of therapy |
|
Definition
| provide atmosphere that allows clients to move toward personal growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| empathetic listeing, unconditional positive regard, congruence |
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Term
|
Definition
operant conditioning-reinforcement + punishment- can change behaviors
strives to replace inappropriate or deviant behaviors with healthy alternatives
ex: developing assertiveness, dealing with phobias, changing eating patterns |
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Term
|
Definition
| psychoactive drugs alter brain functioning to change thoughts and behavior |
|
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy |
|
Definition
delivery of electrical shock to the brain
common in 1940s |
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Term
| what are the gender biases in therapy? |
|
Definition
-traditional therapy designed by men to treat women
-men become the standard for what is normal and making females inferior
-men's reports are taken more seriously
-therapy works to preserve traditional valus |
|
|
Term
| 4 principles of feminist therapy |
|
Definition
1. personal and social identities are interdependent (each individual occupies several social identities - gender, ethnicity,sexual orientation, etc.)
2. personal experience is embedded within the social and political structure of the society.
3. therapists and clients should form an egalitarian relationship rather than the traditioal therapeutic relationship in which therapists are powerful and dominant and clients are subordinate.
this ensures that clients know about the other options for assistance
4. womens perspectives are valued. |
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Term
|
Definition
| was an attempt to integrate concepts of male and female development with the revised attitudes towards psychotherapy proposed by feminist therapists |
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Term
| Factors that increase risk of exploitation by therapists |
|
Definition
1. sexual attraction to therapist
2. history of sexual abuse in therapist's backgrounds |
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