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Definition
| assess the extent to which countries have achieved success in literacy, life expectancy, and income |
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o Developed by World Economic Forum
o Relative equality between men and women in access to resources
o Regardless of overall “development” |
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| Felt that women and men were the same – women’s organs were inside, men’s were outside |
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| reaching the end of colonial rule |
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| violent overthrow of colonial gov’ts |
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| travel from south to north to live, undercutting idea of nations being stationary |
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| socioeconomic political division between wealthy developed countries and poorer countries |
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| partly local, partly western – as a result of colonialism |
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| Gender is fixed, natural. Unchangeable. |
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| what gender you’re assigned and what it means changes depending on culture, society, time period. Changeable. |
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Definition
| concept drawn from the work of Michel Foucault, that refers to a dominant or powerful way of thinking |
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| science of systems, human and mechanical, characterized by flexibility and self regulation |
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| use of Darwin’s ideas of natural selection to control populations or manipulate the survival of one group over another |
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| a way of thinking about a group of person based on a set of behaviors or qualities that are believed to be fixed/unchanging |
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| Reading: Islamic Humoralism |
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Definition
| • Islam: each body had different “humors” and these humors characterized male or female. Women "cold", men "warm" |
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Definition
| when the gender characteristics or roles of one sex are assigned to the opposite sex |
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| Reading: Androgynous Males and Deficient Females |
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Definition
o Balance of the two “chi’s” makes one more female or male
o Define sexual normalcy in terms of reproductive ability alone
"False" males and females |
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| Reading: Norplant Information Sheet |
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Definition
| Not controlled by women, sometimes made more available/cheaper; population control? |
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| Reading: Egyptian Women's Health Book Collective |
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Definition
Inspired by "our bodies, ourselves" to be written in Arabic
Process of writing it |
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| Article: Unmasking Tradition |
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Definition
Female circumcision
Misplaced Western anger over fgm
Based on cultural myths |
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Definition
| terms applied to socially advanced (wealthy) and disadvantaged (impoverished) areas of the world |
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| phenomenon of linking markets and currencies around the world. Also used to suggest homogenization (westernization) of cultures |
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| Nongovernmental organization |
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Definition
| organization devoted to issues of social welfare that is not directly linked to any gov’t |
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| Reading: Global Aspects of Health and Health Policy in Third World Countries |
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Definition
| • Health of populations determined by interactions between humans and socioeconomic, physical, cultural environments |
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| Naturalization of Characteristics |
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Definition
| saying that women or men are naturally better or worse at things naturally |
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| • Gender – look at it not by itself, but intertwined with race, class, ethnicity |
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| Measurement of human body |
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• Broca – measured craniums of men and women, concluded that women had smaller brains than men
o Considered himself to be objective
o Evidenced by supposed increase in male superiority over time |
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| Reading: The Ethics of Genetic Research on Sexual Orientation |
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Definition
| o Gay activists: research will show that people do not choose sexual orientations and therefore should not be punished/discriminated against. Flawed - they could try to "correct" or "Treat" it |
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Definition
| occurrence of something in several different forms |
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| trend in current genetic research to locate the biological source of homosexuality |
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| human behavior studies based on biological determinism. Often used to justify discrimination based on race and gender. |
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| Reading: The Social Construction of Race |
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Definition
| Race is not biologically based, but socially constructed |
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| Reading: Recent Perspectives on the History of Eugenics |
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Definition
| Eugenics considered social justification for social biases. Resulted in forced sterilizations, prejudice, etc. |
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Definition
| term used to describe mixture of races through reproduction (at one time there were laws against this) |
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| Morphological differences |
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Definition
| distinctions among organisms based on form and structure |
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| Reading: New Technologies of Race |
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Definition
| Race dependent on visual differences, becoming more ambiguous due to intermarriage |
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| Reading: Exorcising the Midwives |
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Definition
| Midwives abhorred by medical community "Midwife problem" - however, doctors were less personal, midwives more like a trusted friend |
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| One of the first feminists, protested women being unable to make decisions and having to be housewives, serving a certain role. Argued for collective change in attitude. |
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| referred to the 19th and 20th century European and North American mobilization to gain voting rights and open the professions to women |
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| commonly used to refer to the emergence in the late 1960s and early 70s is Europe and North America dedicated to raising consciousness about sexism, patriarchy, legalizing abortion/birth control, etc. |
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Definition
| world divided into centers and peripheries for better analysis of colonialism and its aftermath; associated with the work of Immanuel Wallerstein |
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| Reading: The International First Wave |
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Definition
o Congress of Women at The Hague during the Great War, 1915
o First stirrings of organized feminism
The very beginnings of the First Wave |
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| Reading: Literacy: Liberation or Lip Service |
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Definition
| by Pat Dean; Literacy makes women more self-sufficient, higher quality of life |
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| Reading - Literacy: No Panacea of Women’s Problems |
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Definition
| Literacy alone cannot solve women's problems; they need decision-making skills as well |
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Definition
| refers to effects of bourgeois ideology on working-class people as they learn to believe in values and ideas that work against own class interest |
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| Reading - Sex Discrimination in the Maquiladoras |
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Definition
| Women in Mexican factories (illegally) tested for pregnancy, often fired if pregnant |
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| Reading - Disabled Women Organized Worldwide |
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Definition
| Disabled women = some of most oppressed people worldwide, but a movement is organizing |
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| Reading - Global Aspects of Health and Health Policy in Third World Countries |
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Definition
| • Health of populations determined by interactions between humans and socioeconomic, physical, cultural environments |
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Term
| Reading - The Role of Prostitution in South Asia’s Epidemic |
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Definition
| AIDS among prostitutes - preventable by condom usage |
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| Reading - Nationalism and Masculinity |
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Definition
| Women must become involved in revolutions for them to work; difficult due to resistance by husband, society |
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| cultural rationale for colonization; to transform primitive societies into progressive and modern ones |
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| beginning in 1987, the spontaneous uprising of Palestinians against Israeli occupation of the West Bank in Gaza |
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| Used to mark the idea of the east as “other” to the west. Orientalism is academic knowledge created to describe and detail the Orient |
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Definition
| practice of separate living quarters for women |
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| head covering used by certain classes and groups in Asia, Africa, Middle East. In the west, seen as symbol of women’s oppression under Islam. |
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| Reading - On the Beach: Sexism and Tourism |
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Definition
| Tourism can diversify economies of suffering places, spur social development; still harmful when used wrong |
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Definition
| an object that is believed to have magical powers, used in rituals |
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| Reading: More than Mothers and Whores: Redefining the AIDS prevention needs of women |
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Definition
| Women at risk for AIDS due to relative lack of control over bodies and lives - only "bad girls" perceived to be at risk of AIDS |
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| Reading: Feminism and Difference |
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Definition
| Difference a stumbling block for Western social science - i.e. Arab women seen as so different to not be able to understand feminism |
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| French sociologist considered by many to be founder of modern sociology. Durkheim followed positivist approach of empirical research methods and argued that common values create social bonds. |
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| scientific study of the origin and early development of human culture. |
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| putting women in the center of knowledge. Term used by second-wave feminists. |
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| sociologist best known for research into gift exchange |
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| based upon being or existence – philosophical approach drawing on metaphysics of the nature of being |
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| European Economic Community |
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Definition
| until 1993, this was the EU. Political/economic alliance between nations of Western Europe. Facilitates trade and deregulation of some border controls. |
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| organization worked for defense of Western Europe and North America against Soviet Union. Since end of Soviet rule, several former Soviet republics have joined NATO. |
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| 1955. Between Eastern Europe, Soviet union. Organize defense against West and NATO. |
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| Reading - Beyond the Global Victim |
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Definition
| Women must become involved with international issues - Women’s capacities to challenge will be key to remaking world |
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| Reading - Feminism Inverted: The Gendered Imagery and Real Women of Hindu Nationalism |
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Definition
| o Women in movements less powerful than the men, but exercise more power/influence than women in any other Indian social movement (in Hindu Nationalist movement) |
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| Reading - Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands |
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Definition
o One of few women who actually travel
o Men frequently find her traveling to be silly or ridiculous
o Women impressed |
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Definition
| English nurse who was one of the founders of modern nursing |
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| Reading: Welcome to the Border |
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Definition
| Maquiladora program is rapidly spreading,appeal to traveling Mexicans who have no other financial opportunities (very low pay, poor conditions) |
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Definition
| Unincorporated communities along US-Mexico border |
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| Reading: Feminism and the question of class |
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Definition
| Economic factors main reason for subordination of women |
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Definition
| philosophical approach to history associated with Marxism – argument that there is a material basis for the process of change through a conscious recognition of class struggle |
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Definition
| debate over the role of women in the modern state |
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Term
| reading - Female Employment in Puerto Vallarta: A Case Study |
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Definition
| At one time a Mexican resort which brought tourism money in. Today, deteriorating exchange rate = less demand for Puerto Vallarta, less money for women. Men take best jobs, will sometimes drop work if wife is working and spend her money. |
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| Reading: Half the Sky – Prohibition and Prostitution |
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Definition
| Forced prostitution perpetuated by attitudes (necessary evil), poor law enforcement, few economic opportunities, plus trafficked girls become addicted to meth |
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| Reading: Half the Sky – The Axis of Equality |
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Definition
| Encouraging manufacturing in poorer countries allows women more financial independence; as well as microloans to allow women to start businesses |
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| Reading - Excerpt from Mankiller: A Chief and her People |
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Definition
| Indian families tricked into moving away from tribe for financial opportunity - really a ploy to divide up tribe |
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| Reading - Men/Masculinities War/Militarism-Searching (for) the Obvious Connections? |
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Definition
Military one of clearest guises for male power - typically "Male" activities
• Individual men may suffer, but men’s collective power is undiminished |
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| Reading: Women, Gender, and Terrorism |
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Definition
| Leila Khaled is a female terrorist who means to protect her country, sees it as best way to do it. Depicted as having defied her gender |
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| Reading: Emma’s War, Nimo’s War – Nimo |
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Definition
| Beauty shops a primary way for women to talk politically; many have gone out of business due to fundamentalist regime, decrease women's power |
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| Reading: Nimo’s war, Emma’s war – Danielle |
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Definition
| Danielle - African American girl who eventually joins military, becomes one of the first female amputees of the Iraq war |
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| Reading: In the Realm of the Golden Triangle |
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Definition
| About very wealthy woman with a husband who cheats openly, she works to keep him from leaving her for the other woman |
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| Reading - In My Father’s Body |
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Definition
| About father who seems to feel pressured to be "manly" - authoritative, protective of women |
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| Reading - Gender and Consumption |
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Definition
| Production for men, consumption for women |
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Definition
| term used by followers of Marx who argue that people come to recognize themselves when they are called to (hailed by) ideologies – for exaple, we understand an ad because we are already a part of the ways of seeing that have been used to create the publicity image and message |
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| anti-authoritarianism, suspicion of aesthetics and pleasure; austere and “pure” forms of worship |
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| Marxist term used to differentiate between the value that is created when an object is exchanged for profit and the value that exists when it is purely useful and not made for profit/exchange |
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| reading - Urban Women and the emergence of shopping |
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Definition
| New manufacturing tech = expand homemaker role to include shopping; Women shop as a way to get out of the house, relieve boredom |
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Definition
| historical time period from 15th century. Society of urban living, characterized by industrialization, consumer culture, and use of technologies. Associated with progress and improvement |
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| ability to move from one social or economic class to another |
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| publications whose audience is members of a particular profession or business |
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| Reading - Excerpt from Inarticulate Longings |
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Definition
| • Ladies’ Home Journal = traditional “woman’s values” and full participation in consumer society under the guise of "women making choices" |
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| Reading - The Gay Marketing Moment |
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Definition
| Valuing gays as consumers, not as people |
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| Reading - The Body Beautiful |
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Definition
| Sections a woman to look at "problem areas;" disgust of fat and flesh |
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| Reading - Nourishing Ourselves |
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Definition
| Everywhere, boys and men fed better than girls; women need more nutrients but have nutritionally inferior diets |
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| Reading - Grotesque Moderne |
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Definition
| Advertisement distorts women's bodies in ways seldom applied to men |
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Definition
| Economist who was famous for his book The Theory of the Leisure Class, in which he coined the phrase “conspicuous consumption” |
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Definition
| relating to theory of organic evolution holding that environmental changes in animals cause structural changes that are transmitted to their offspring. |
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Definition
normative image for women in late 20s- early 30s.
Slender, youthful, sophisticated
Demure self-confidence |
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| Reading - Black Beauty’s New Face |
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Definition
| Alex Wek, black fashion model who does not fit into traditional white beauty ideal |
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| Reading - Italians Contemplate Beauty in a Carribean Brow |
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Definition
| Black Carribean woman crowned Miss Italy, debate over racism, ideals, relative beauty, what it means to be Italian |
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| political movement that draws upon the Hindu religion and traditions as a basis of group identity |
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Definition
| Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India after independence from Britain; served until his death. Policies marked by alliances with Soviet Union and socialist-style economy based on public ownership of major industries/utilities. |
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| Reading - Ugliness in India over Miss World |
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Definition
| Indian traditionalists protest Miss World being held in India, because it is a way for West to intrude on Indian tradition, spread white beauty ideals |
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Term
| Farm Security Administration |
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Definition
| program in US Dept of Ag which granted low-cost loans and other assistance for poor farmers hit hardest by the Great Depression. |
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Definition
| famous photo by Dorothea Lange, helped photography to be recognized as art |
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Term
| Acquired/congenital homosexuality |
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Definition
| Become homosexual due to environmental factors/born homosexual |
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Definition
| Modern Western culture’s construction of male-female romance that it appears to be natural and inevitable |
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| Reading - Female Pleasures and Perversions in the Silent and Early Sound Cinema |
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Definition
| Lesbians featured in cinema at its creation, creates fear that lesbians appear like "normal" women, impossible to detect; all-female environments |
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Definition
| the idea that the culture of one dominant country completely overwhelms or erases the culture of another that is less powerful |
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| Reading - World Media by William Wresch |
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Definition
| Western events overrepresented in the news; newspapers may or may not be reliable due to poor readership and therefore funding |
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| Reading - Excerpts from “Ways of Seeing” |
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Definition
| Image may be seen/percieved differently depending on your cultural background, experiences |
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Definition
| concealing of historical truth by ideologies |
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| Reading - Making things mean: Cultural Representation in Objects |
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Definition
| Women can only do "female" art percieved as inferior. Unpaid in most cases. IRL, women are seen as weak, subordinate. Dichotomies such as male/female should be seen as equal partners. |
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Term
| Reading - Pink Glass Swan – Lucy Lippard |
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Definition
| Imbalanced representation of white VS colored women in art world. Notion of "quality" is class-bound. Great Artists all white males. |
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Term
| Reading: Songs to an African Sunset |
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Definition
| Silence about AIDS, stigma about AIDS and about contraception. Beliefs that AIDS is an evil spell. |
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| Reading: Tales Out of School |
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Definition
| School of immigrant children from Africa, Middle East. Tend to have conservative attitudes particularly about sex and virginity. |
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