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Gen. Chem. Chapter 7
Chapter 7 Terms
35
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
11/09/2009

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Term
quantum-mechanical model
Definition
a model that explains the behavior of absolutely small particles such as electrons and photons
Term
electromagnetic radiation
Definition
a form of energy embodied in oscillating electric and magnetic fields
Term
amplitude
Definition
the vertical height of a crest (or depth of a trough) of a wave; a measure of wave intensity
Term
wavelength
Definition
the distance between adjacent crests of a wave
Term
frequency
Definition
for waves, the number of cycles (or complete wavelengths) that pass through a stationary point in one second
Term
electromagnetic spectrum
Definition
the range of the wavelengths of all possible electromagnetic radiation
Term
gamma rays
Definition
the form of electromagnetic radiation with the shortest wavelength and the highest energy
Term
X-rays
Definition
electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths slightly longer than those of that gamma rays
Term
ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Definition
electromagnetic radiation with slightly smaller wavelengths than visible light
Term
visible light
Definition
those frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye
Term
infrared (IR) radiation
Definition
electromagnetic radiation emitted from warm objects, with wavelengths slightly larger than those of visible light
Term
microwaves
Definition
electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths slightly longer than those of infrared radiation
Term
radio waves
Definition
the form of electromagnetic radiation with the longest wavelengths and smallest energy
Term
interference
Definition
the superposition of two or more wave overlapping in space, resulting in either an increase in amplitude (constructive interference) or a decrease in amplitude (destructive interference)
Term
constructive interference
Definition
the interaction of waves from two sources that align with overlapping crests, resulting in a wave of greater amplitude
Term
destructive interference
Definition
the interaction of waves from two sources aligned so that the crest of one overlaps the trough of the other, resulting in cancellation
Term
diffraction
Definition
the phenomena by which a wave emerging from an aperture spreads out to form a new wave front
Term
photoelectric effect
Definition
the observation that many metals emit electrons when light falls upon them
Term
photon (quantum)
Definition
the smallest possible packet of electromagnetic radiation with an energy equal to hv
Term
emission spectrum
Definition
the range of wavelengths emitted by a particular element; used to identify the element
Term
de Broglie relation
Definition
the observation that the wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to its momentum; wavelength = h/mv
Term
complementary properties
Definition
those properties that exclude one another, i.e. the more you know about one, the less you know about the other. For example, the wave nature and particle nature are complementary
Term
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
Definition
the principle stating that due to the wave-particle duality, it is fundamentally impossible to precisely determine both the position and the velocity of a particle at a given moment in time
Term
deterministic
Definition
a characteristic of the classical laws of motion, which imply that present circumstances determine future events
Term
indeterminacy
Definition
the principle that presents circumstances do not necessarily determine future events in the quantum-mechanical realm
Term
orbital
Definition
a probability distribution map, based on the quantum mechanical model of the atom, used to describe the likely position of an electron in an atom; also an allowed energy state for an electron
Term
wave function
Definition
a mathematical function that describes the wavelike nature of the electron
Term
quantum number
Definition
one of four interrelated numbers that determine the shape and energy of orbitals
Term
principal quantum number (n)
Definition
an integer that specifies the overall size and energy of an orbital. The higher the quantum number n, the greater the average distance between the electron and the nucleus and the higher its energy
Term
angular momentum number (l)
Definition
an integer that determines the shape of an orbital
Term
magnetic quantum number (ml)
Definition
an integer that specifies the orientation of an orbital
Term
principal level (shell)
Definition
the group orbitals with the same value of n
Term
sublevel (subshell)
Definition
those orbitals in the same principle level with the same value of n and l
Term
probability density
Definition
the probability (per unit volume) of finding the electron at a point in space as expressed by a three-dimensional plot of the wave function squared
Term
node
Definition
a point where the wave function and therefore the probability density and radial distribution function, all go through zero
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