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Gen. Chem. Chapter 4
n/a
40
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
10/04/2009

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Term
stoichiometry
Definition
the numerical relationships between amounts of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation
Term
limiting reactant
Definition
the reactant that has the smallest stoichiometric amount in a reactant mixture and consequently limits the amount of product in a chemical reaction
Term
theoretical yield
Definition
the greatest possible amount of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant
Term
actual yield
Definition
the amount of product actually produced by a chemical reaction
Term
percent yield
Definition
the percentage of the theoretical yield of a chemical reaction that is actually produced; the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield multiplied by 100%
Term
solution
Definition
a homogeneous mixture of two substances
Term
solvent
Definition
the majority component of a solution
Term
solute
Definition
the minority component of a solution
Term
aqueous solution
Definition
a solution in which water acts as the solvent
Term
dilute solution
Definition
a solution that contains a very small amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent
Term
concentrated solution
Definition
a solution that contains a large amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent
Term
molarity (M)
Definition
a means of expressing solution concentration as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Term
stock solution
Definition
a highly concentrated form of a solution used in laboratories to make less concentrated solutions via dilution
Term
electrolyte
Definition
a substance that dissolves in water to form solutions that conduct electricity
Term
nonelectrolyte
Definition
a compound that does not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water
Term
strong acid
Definition
an acid that completely ionizes in solution
Term
weak acid
Definition
an acid that does not completely ionize in water
Term
weak electrolyte
Definition
a substance that does not completely ionize in water and only weakly conducts electricity in solution
Term
soluble
Definition
able to dissolve to a significant extent, usually in water
Term
insoluble
Definition
incapable of dissolving in water or being extremely difficult of solution
Term
molecular equation
Definition
an equation showing the complete neutral formula for each compound in a reaction
Term
complete ionic equation
Definition
an equation which lists individually all of the ions present as either reactants or products in a chemical reaction
Term
spectator ion
Definition
ions in a complete ionic equation that do not participate in the reaction and therefore remain in solution
Term
net ionic equation
Definition
an equation that shows only the species that actually change during the reaction
Term
acid-base reaction (neutralization reaction)
Definition
a reaction in which an acid reacts with a base and the two neutralize each other, producing water
Term
gas-evolution reaction
Definition
a reaction in which two aqueous solutions are mixed and a gas forms, resulting in bubbling
Term
Arrhenius definitions
Definition
the definitions of an acid as a substance that produces H+ ions in aqueous solution and a base as a substance that produces OH- ions in aqueous solution
Term
hydronium ion
Definition
the ion formed from the association of a water molecule with an H+ ion donated by an acid
Term
polyprotic acid
Definition
an acid that contains more than one ionizable proton and releases them sequentially
Term
diprotic acid
Definition
an acid that contains two ionizable protons
Term
salt
Definition
an ionic compound formed in a neutralization reaction by the replacement of an H+ ion from acid with a cation from the base
Term
titration
Definition
a laboratory procedure in which a substance in a solution of known concentrations is reacted with another substance in a solution of unknown concentration in order to determine the unknown
Term
equivalence point
Definition
the point in a titration at which the added solute completely reacts with the solute present in the solution; for acid-base titrations, the point at which the amount of acid is stoichiometrically equal to the amount of base in a solution
Term
indicator
Definition
a dye whose color depends on the pH of the solution it is dissolved in; often used to detect the endpoint of a titration
Term
oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction
Definition
reactions in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another and the oxidation states of certain atoms are changed
Term
oxidation
Definition
the loss of one or more electrons; also the gaining of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen
Term
reduction
Definition
the gaining of one or more electrons; also the gaining of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen
Term
oxidation state (oxidation number)
Definition
a positive or negative whole number that represents the "charge" an atom in a compound would have if all shared electrons were assigned to the atom with a greater attraction for those electrons
Term
oxidizing agent
Definition
a substance that causes the oxidation of another substance; an oxidizing agent gains electrons and is reduced
Term
reducing agent
Definition
a substance that causes the reduction of another substance; a reducing agent loses electrons and is oxidized
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