Term
|
Definition
| translocation of chromosome 8 and 14 |
|
|
Term
| Chronic melogenous leukemia (Philly chromosome) |
|
Definition
translocation to chromosome 22 and 9
dna structural change |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| DELETION on chromosome 5 and 18 |
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Term
|
Definition
delay of START of new cycle
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulates apotosis by activation of BAX gene |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
signal transducer / transducing protein - G protein (gtpase) - used for cell proliferation
MOST COMMON POINT MUTATION
RAS-GTP = on state
RAS-GDP = off state
(NF-1 inhibits) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibistor of signal transducer (RAS) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
transcription regulator (goes to nucleus)
inhibited by APC |
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Term
|
Definition
transcription factor / Proto-oncogene
translocation of gene
unregulated expression of many genes
involved with BURKITTS LYMPHOMA |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
cell cycle inhibitors
prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready to divide
tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in many types of cancer
Should an oncogenic protein, such as those produced by cells infected by high-risk types of human papillomaviruses, bind and inactivate pRb, this can lead to cancer. |
|
|
Term
| 2 methods of epigenetic silencing of supressor genes (ie. p53) |
|
Definition
1) DNA hpermethylation
2) virus binding -> HPV bind to Rb and P53 gene |
|
|
Term
| activation of oncogene requires? |
|
Definition
expression of only 1 allele (dominant gene)
-increased production of growth factors
-incresased expression of growth factor receptors
-increased activity of tyrosiune kinase
***increased activity of RAS *** |
|
|
Term
| raf, mos, pim-1 are examples of |
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic oncogenes - transmits signal to the nucleus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
nuclear oncogene - persistent expression of nuclear gtranscription factor
PREVENT CELL DIFFERENTATION |
|
|
Term
| inactivation of suppressor gene requires? |
|
Definition
HOMOzygous expression of both alleles, recessive gene
- loss of contrrol over ras activity
- loss of contact inhibition
-loss of control over entrance into cell cycle
-regulation of expression of other genes |
|
|
Term
| adenomatous colon polyposis involves |
|
Definition
NON-expression of c-myc gnee
one allele mutated = benign polyp
both allele mutated = maligant poly |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ***mutattion of p53 gene*** on chromosome 17 , MOST COMMON SUPPRESSOR GENE MUTATION |
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Term
|
Definition
| inactivation on DCC gene on chromosome 18 |
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Term
|
Definition
| mutation of Rb gene on chromosome 13 |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of NF1 gene - leading to loss of control of RAS activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| repair genes / breast cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
monoclonal in origin
proliferating cells of growing tumor become heterogenous in geno/pheno type |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| carcinomas primarly spread via |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sarcomas primary spread via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autoimmune factors - used for suppression of immune response to tumor mass |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
abnormal growth without any kind of stimulus
CELLS NO LONGER RESPOND TO ANY KIND OF REGULATION OR PROLIFERATION |
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Term
|
Definition
| localized and encapsulated |
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Term
|
Definition
alwasy associated with malignancy
peliomorphic
hyperchromatic
abnormal mitotic figures
increased nucleus : cytoplasym ratio
-side note anaplasia means to form backward
-reversion of differentiation of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| tumors from totipotential stem cells (all 3 germ layers) |
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Term
|
Definition
tumor or smooth muscle
Benign tumor |
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Term
|
Definition
from skeletal muscle
Benign tumor |
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Term
|
Definition
NON-neoplastic over growth in during embryonic growth
Benign tumor |
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Term
|
Definition
malignant cancer tumor from epithelium
squamous cell carcinoma
melanocarcinoma
adenocarcinoma
renal cell carcinoma |
|
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Term
|
Definition
malignant tumors of connective tissue (mesencnchyme)
fibrosarcoma
leiomyo sarcoma (smooth muscle)
chondro sarcoma (cartilage)
osteogenic sarcoma (bone) |
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Term
|
Definition
| malignant proliferation of WBC |
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Term
|
Definition
| hard tumor that has dense fibrous tissue stoma |
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Term
|
Definition
carcinoma - in situ
neoplastic epidermal cells with in epidermis only |
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Term
|
Definition
NON invasive. ...
full thickness of abnormal growth - neoplasm remains at the original start site . ..without breatking breaking into basemenet membrane
flat (exception colon polyp, papillary cancer of bladder) |
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Term
|
Definition
| breached BM and underlying CT |
|
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Term
|
Definition
non-neoplastic
protective responsse of cellular adaptation - REVERSIBLE |
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Term
|
Definition
non-neoplastic
disorderly growht patterns (start close to basement membrane)
-preceded by chronic irritation and inflamation
- prolonged sever dysplasia can transform into malignant neoplasm
hypermitotic
disordered cytoarchitecture
pleiomorphism
hyperchromatism |
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Term
|
Definition
| dysplasia in the oral cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood in stool (neoplasm in GI tract) |
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Term
|
Definition
| wasting syndrome - becomoing weaker by host immune response to tumor |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood in urine - indicative of neoplasm in urinary tract |
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Term
|
Definition
grade 1- well defined cell (low anaplasia
grade 2,3 - moderate differentiated
grade 4 - poorly differentiated, lots of anaplasia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
T - size of tumor (t0 = carcinoma in situ, t4 huge tumor)
N - extent of regional lymph node (n1 - 1 lymph node invlovled)
M - absence or presence of metastasis (m1 = one distant metastsasis) NOT lymph node (i.e. liver, brain) |
|
|
Term
| what is a proto-oncogene? |
|
Definition
| a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression. Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals, usually through their protein products. Upon activation, a proto-oncogene (or its product) becomes a tumor-inducing agent, an oncogene.[7] Examples of proto-oncogenes include RAS, WNT, MYC, ERK, and TRK. |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss or missing = metastasis |
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|
Term
| ionizing radiation (define, 4 examples) |
|
Definition
produces hydroxyl radical from water
XRAY
Radon
gamma ray
cosmic ray |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NON IONIZING (dfn - vibration and rotation of atom)
UV-A
UV-B
UV-C
Sunblock = stops UV-a and UV b
window = stops UVb and UVc |
|
|
Term
| chronic effect of UV radiation |
|
Definition
degradation of type 1 collagen
increased expression of elastin gene
increased expression of MMP (degrade collagen)
CT changes accumulate over time and are irreversible |
|
|
Term
| Toxic v Hypersensivity (difference is??) |
|
Definition
| dose and predictability (toxic more defined) |
|
|
Term
| Cholorform and Carbon tetrachloride |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
affect
acute - CNS - respiratory failure
chronic - CNS - bone marrow (leukenmia, anemia, myeloma) |
|
|
Term
| 2,4 dicholorophenoxyacetic acid |
|
Definition
| hemapoietic malignancies in farmer (DDT??) |
|
|
Term
| tertracholoro dibenzodioxin (TCDD) |
|
Definition
| agent orange byproduct - affects animals not humans |
|
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Term
|
Definition
high layer - protective
low layer - destructive |
|
|
Term
| population at risk of air pollutants |
|
Definition
| children, old people and ashmatics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
severe hypoxia
5~8% usually in smoker blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hunger for substance not fit for food
(paint) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dysfunction of the parts of the nervous system . . lead to gait (akward stance - result of LEAD exposure in children |
|
|
Term
| lead toxicity (key organs) |
|
Definition
KIDNEY (nephropathy) - affects proximal tubular cells
CNS
Hemopoietic system - anemia
CNS damage irreversible
hematological and renal are reversible |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mercury toxicity - proteinuria, glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lead toxicity. ..
affects proxicaml tubluar cells
aminoaciduria, glycosuria, hyperphosphaturia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficiency of calories from ALL SOURCES - under nutrition is more comon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malnutrition in children due to lack of protein . . and high in carbs. .more sever the marasmus - under nutrition is more common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria destruction of oral tissue and oral facial tissue - due to low immune response due to malnutrition . .. |
|
|
Term
| Sialodenosis due to malnutrition |
|
Definition
| increase in # and size of acrini of alivary gland due to malnutrition . |
|
|
Term
| Vitamen B only from animal product |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vitamen
B1 name
B1 deficiency |
|
Definition
Thiamin (beri-beri aka for b1 difficiency)
affects thining / wasting of person |
|
|
Term
Vitamen
B2 name
B2 deficiency |
|
Definition
Riboflavin
Symptom of deficiency - angular chelitas, smooth tongue (no papilla) |
|
|
Term
Vitamen
B3 name
B3 deficiency |
|
Definition
niacin
PELLAGRA- aka deficiency
symptons - pigmentation, mucosal atrophy |
|
|
Term
Vitamen
B6 name
B6 deficiency |
|
Definition
pyridoxine
symotopms - Anemia, Seizures, CNS
COULD BE CAUSED BY MEDICATIONS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B12 deficiency - due to poor absorption, destruction of parietal cells
LACK OF PAPILLA on tongue
AKA megalobastic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
purpura (bleeding disorder) of skin - LARGE AREA
could because of vitamen C deficiency |
|
|
Term
Vitamen D function
Vitamen D deficiency |
|
Definition
fxn: promote calcium and phosphate absorption in small intestine
defieciency: lack of diet and sunlight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitamen D deficeint in kids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weekness and headaches
NEPHROLITHISIS (kidney stones) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| necessary for prothrombin, factor 7,9, 10 - coagulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps with hemoglobin production - anemia
GLOSSITIS - finger nail problem
DEPAPILATION of tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps with hemoglobin production - anemia
GLOSSITIS - finger nail problem
DEPAPILATION of tongue |
|
|
Term
| PLummer - Vinson Syndrome |
|
Definition
chronic iron deficiency
incresead of oral cancer
atrophy of upper alimentary tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
iodine deficiency - prevention not treatement
increased TSH - hyperplasia and hypertrophy of follicular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase in adipose tissue
BMI of 30 or greater
caused by improved socioeconomic conditions
DIFFUSE FAT ACCUMULATES IN SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iset point that regulates food intake and energy expenditures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control adipose tissue - decrease appetitie and increase energy use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PROTEIN help with calorie restriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in red wine - mimic calorie restriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exception to naming convention
is a MALIGNANT neoplasm of melanocytes; benign counterpart is called a melanocytic nevus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exception to naming convention
is a malignant neoplasm of lymphoid cells localized in peripheral tissues; no benign counterpart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malignant neoplasm of blood cells that involves the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a hepatocellular carincoma (MALIGNENT) |
|
|
Term
| Is melanoma a an epithelial neoplasm? |
|
Definition
NO!
Melanocytes
–Only reside in epithelia
–Derive from neural crest
–Do not form structures characteristic of epithelia (glands, surface barriers)
–Do not express epithelial cytoskeletal proteins called keratins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–BENINGN Developmental anomaly of disorganized but LOTS of mature cells and tissues normal to the specific site
–Stops growing when other growth in the area stops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
morphologically normal tissue in the wrong place
–Example: Cartilagenous choristoma of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| lots of mitotic structures in benign tumor? |
|
Definition
| - no because of slow growth rate |
|
|
Term
| growth rate of malignant tumor?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the metastasis ability in malignant tissue? |
|
Definition
| Frequently present; more likely in less differentiated |
|
|
Term
| high growth fraction means what for tummors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign neoplasm of the epidermis exhibit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| malignant neoplasm of the epidermis exhibit |
|
Definition
| endophytic and infiltrative growth |
|
|
Term
| what is uterus leiomyoma? |
|
Definition
| begnin - well-circumscribed localized growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defined as “the first node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from the primary MALIGNANT tumor.” |
|
|
Term
| •Hematogenous of malignant tumor via? |
|
Definition
| Veins more likely than arteries |
|
|
Term
| Direct seeding of malignant tumor happens where? |
|
Definition
| peritoneal cavity - most comon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chronic disease involving multiple tissue compartments (paryencyhma + stroma) |
|
|
Term
| what is the process of carcinogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Carcinogenesis: A multistep process at both the phenotypic and the genetic levels (non lethal genetic damage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•One damaged allele often enough to transform a cell
***growth promoting gene**
CARCINOGENSIS - potentional
normal cellular counterpart of an oncogene |
|
|
Term
| cacinogenesis of non-lethal genetic mutation - growth inhibiting tumor suppressor gene |
|
Definition
| BOTH gene need to be damaged |
|
|
Term
| cacinogenesis of non-lethal genetic mutation - dissregulation of apoptosis |
|
Definition
| 1 or 2 alleles need to be modified |
|
|
Term
| cacinogenesis of non-lethal genetic mutation - DNA repair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| central to malignant transformation? |
|
Definition
| Loss of normal cell-cycle control is central to malignant transformation. At least one key regulator |
|
|
Term
| what happens at the G2/M check point? |
|
Definition
| it checks for damaged or unduplicated DNA |
|
|
Term
| what happens at the G1/S checkpoint? |
|
Definition
| Checks for DNA damage - regulated by p53 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Resting (G0 stage), G1, S, G2, M phase
G(1,2) = growth
S = synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what are the positive regulators in the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
***alter state of retinoblatoma -help sensitivity ***
•Positive regulators: cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) |
|
|
Term
| Restriction point of Cell Cycle |
|
Definition
| ***Erythroblastoma gene*** |
|
|
Term
| what are the negative regulators in the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
CDK inhibitors
–Some CDK inhibitors interfere with the release of the Rb protein |
|
|
Term
| what is the (RB) tumor suppressor gene? |
|
Definition
| RB gene is in charge of the cell cycle restriction point; loss of function of both copies is needed |
|
|
Term
| where is the first checkpoint located? |
|
Definition
*** depends on p53
-The first checkpoint is at the G1/S transition, when the quality of the existing DNA is evaluated |
|
|
Term
| where is the second checkpoint located? |
|
Definition
p53 NOT NECESSARY but maybe necessary
The second checkpoint is at the G2/M transition when the quality of the newly synthesized DNA is evaluated |
|
|
Term
| what is the p53 tumor suppressor gene? |
|
Definition
| •The main role of p53 in the cell cycle is one of surveillance, triggering checkpoint controls that 1) slow down or stop cell-cycle progression of damaged cells, or 2) cause apoptosis. |
|
|
Term
| how many copies of the P53 gene need to be diabled to produce cancer? |
|
Definition
| •P53 gene: both copies must be disabled to produce cancer . 1 bad allele = 4 times more likely to get cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiator (carcinogen) then promoter (cell proliferation of transformed cell, ***need to be close together) then time |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of initiators? |
|
Definition
Mutagenic, highly reactive with DNA
•Must be given before the promoting agent
•A single dose may be sufficient
•The effects are additive
•The effects are irreversible |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of promotors? |
|
Definition
****Have to be applied repeatedly after initiator
•Non-tumorigenic by themselves
•Inhibit differentiation
•
•KEY effect: cause cells to proliferate |
|
|
Term
| what are two oncogenic DNA viruses? |
|
Definition
Human papillomavirus (HPV):
–epithelial pathogen
•Epstein-Barr virus (EBV):
–B cell and epithelial pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EBV immortalizes B cells and induces polyclonal B cell expansion, but does not target tumor suppressor genes.
Other events lead to oncogene MYC activation (translocation of MYC from chromosome 8 to chromosome 14 t(8;14). Mutations in tumor suppressor genes are associated with progressions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of heterozygosity at 9p21 includes loss of a tumor suppressor (inhibitor of the cell cycle) |
|
|
Term
| malignant cells become more serious because of blood vessels, what are the two growth factors? |
|
Definition
•Sustained formation of new blood vessels: tumor parenchyma cells AND stromal cells can make
–Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
–Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of heterozygosity at 9p21 includes loss of a tumor suppressor (inhibitor of the cell cycle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liver cancer is associated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cervical cancer (head and neck cancer) is associated with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bladder cancer is associated with: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liver fluke infection is associated with: |
|
|
Term
| what are the general rules of clinical manifestations of neoplasia? |
|
Definition
¨Benign neoplasms are more common than malignant ones
¨Benign neoplasms associated with vital structures can be fatal
¨With a few exceptions, all masses require histopathologic evaluation |
|
|
Term
| what is meant by clinical signs? |
|
Definition
| ¡Objective manifestations of disease that can be observed by other people, not just the patient - MEASURED!! |
|
|
Term
| what is meant by clinical symptoms? |
|
Definition
| ¡Subjective manifestations experienced by patient, but not observable by others |
|
|
Term
| what is acanthosis nigricans associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| colon cancer molecular markers include |
|
Definition
| p53, APC, RAS mutations in stool and serum |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast the structure of HLA and B/T Cell Receptors. |
|
Definition
-HLA I and BCR have heavy and light chains
-HLAII and TCR have alpha and beta |
|
|
Term
| Describe the types of antigens recognized by BCR. |
|
Definition
| -everything, carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, glycolipids, proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
| Describe the types of antigens recognized by TCR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast the structure of B and T cell receptors. |
|
Definition
-TCR – alpha chain, and beta chain
-membrane bound, never secreted, not flexible
-can only bind 1 antigen at a time
-BCR- membrane bound, secreted w/o cytoplasmic tail
can recognize 2 antigens |
|
|
Term
| Describe the mechanisms that provide variety for HLA molecules. |
|
Definition
| -polygenism / -polymorphism |
|
|
Term
| Describe the source of antigen for HLA class I molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the source of antigen for HLA class II molecules. |
|
Definition
-vesicles
-Mphages, DC and B Cells
-DC activate TCell which activate B-Cell |
|
|
Term
| Virus can be detected by MHC class 1 or 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe HLA class II biosynthesis. |
|
Definition
vacuole/lysosome
-making alpha chain/beta chain in ER
-add invariant chain to MHCII
-invariant chain steers vesicle gets in contact with vesicles with EC bacterial piece and
HLADM (in endolysosome)
-invariant chain gets chomped, only CLIP left in MHCII
-if infection HLADM removes CLIP
-bacterial proteins enter groove
-go to surface |
|
|
Term
| anchor residues of HLA. ... |
|
Definition
| only need 1 -2 aa residues to bind peptide in binding groove |
|
|
Term
| Where do B cells home to in a lymph node? |
|
Definition
| -cap of germinal center (peripheral of lymph tissue) |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in B cell activation? |
|
Definition
-cross-linking
-multiple copies bound by same receptor
***-C3d binds to CD21/CR2 on Bcell**** |
|
|
Term
| endocytosis of pathogen (describe) |
|
Definition
-puts pathogen onto MHC 2
****go to paracortex
-****activated TH2 cells at paracortex link recognize Bcell with MHC2
-linked recognition!!!
-CD40 (bcell) and CD40L on tcell
=same principle as costimulation (CD28 and B7.1/7.2 on DC)
B Cell proliferation |
|
|
Term
| How does C3d (a product of C3b) facilitate B cell activation? |
|
Definition
-binds to CD21/CR2 on Bcells
-lower threshold of BCR binding by 10 per C3d |
|
|
Term
| Describe the first cell with which B cells interact? |
|
Definition
-dendritic cells with antigen presenting on its surface
-BCR and pathogen on dendritic cell
-also C3d binding to CD21/CR2 helps reduce # of BCR required
Where does that interaction occur?
-on cap of germinal center
What happens to B cells after the interaction?
-clonal proliferation in primary follicle
-that area of proliferation then becomes the secondary follicle |
|
|
Term
| There are three fates of the cloned daughter B cells. |
|
Definition
-plasma cells, make antibody
-lose L-selectin and pick up VLA4 (like TH1)
-go to site of infection and release antibodies
-memory cells, go to bone marrow
-somatic hypermutation, to make higher affinity antibody, random changes in V region |
|
|
