Term
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Definition
| more salt in saturated solution |
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Term
| How to increase the solubility if the anion is the conjugate base of a weak acid? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| occurs without continuous input of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| spontaneous process needs no further input of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs only if surrounds continuously supply energy |
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Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
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Term
More order ---> Less order
(entropy) |
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Definition
| solid ---> liquid ---> gas |
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Term
More order ---> Less order
(entropy) |
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Definition
| crystal + liquid ---> ions in solution |
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Term
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Definition
| Where S is entropy, W is the number of ways of arranging the components of a system, and k is a constant |
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Term
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Definition
| system with few ways to arrange it's components has less disorder and low entropy |
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Term
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Definition
| system with many ways to arrange it's components has more disorder and high entropy |
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Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one that occurs in such tiny increments that the system remains essentially at equilibrium, and the direction of the change can be reversed by an infinitesimal reversal of conditions |
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Term
| Change in 2 for reversible process |
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Definition
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Term
| Temperature changes with S |
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Definition
| as temperature rises, S increase |
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Term
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Definition
| More order to less order - S increase |
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Term
| Dissolving a solid or liquid with S |
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Definition
| As a solid and liquid dissolve, S increases |
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Term
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Definition
| as a gas dissolved, S increases |
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Term
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Definition
| As mass increases, S increases |
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Term
| Molecular complexity with S |
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Definition
| as complexity increases, S increases |
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Term
| G for a spontaneous process |
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Definition
| G is the maximum work obtainable from the system as the process takes place. G = work |
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Term
| G for a non-spontaneous process |
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Definition
| G is the minimum work that must be done to the system as the process takes place. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When an oxidizing agent is reduced |
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Definition
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Term
| When a reducing agent is oxidized |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| loss of electrons, increase in oxidation number |
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Term
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Definition
| gain of electrons, decrease in oxidation number |
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Term
| Half-Reaction steps in acidic solution |
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Definition
1. write two half reactions from skeleton reaction
2. balance atoms and charges
a. atoms other than O and H
b. O atoms - add H2O
c. H atoms - add H+
d. charge - add e- where needed
3. Multiple to have the same e- in both reactions
4. Add balanced half reactions
5. Check that atoms are balanced and cancel out |
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Term
| Half-Reaction steps in basic solution |
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Definition
1. write two half reactions from skeleton reaction
2. balance atoms and charges
a. atoms other than O and H
b. O atoms - add H2O
c. H atoms - add H+
d. charge - add e- where needed
3. Multiple to have the same e- in both reactions
4. Add balanced half reactions
5. Add one OH to both sides of equation for each H present
6. Combine H and OH to form H2O and simplify
7. Check that atoms and charges are balanced |
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Term
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Definition
| components of anode compartment (left) |
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Term
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Definition
| components of cathode compartment (right) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| all standard electrode potentials are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ecell = Ecathode - Eanode |
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Term
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Definition
| most negative E value on chart |
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Term
| strongest oxidizing agent |
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Definition
| most positive E value on chart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the electrode where reduction takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| is the electrode where oxidation takes place |
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Term
| How to determine cathode from anode |
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Definition
| When the reactant is smaller on the product side, it is a cathode. |
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Term
| Cell potential and free energy |
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Definition
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Term
| Faraday's constant C/mol(e-) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uses effect of concentration changes on cell potential |
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Term
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Definition
| individual voltaic cells arranged in series, voltages add |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot be recharged ("dead" when the cell reaction reaches equilibrium) |
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Term
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Definition
| rechargeable. Electrical energy is supplied to reverse the cell reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the mercury battery uses HgO as the oxidizing agent instead of Ag2O and has cell potential of 1.3 V |
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Term
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Definition
| used in watches, implanted medical devices, and remote-control devices |
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Term
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Definition
| the lead-acid car battery is a secondary battery (rechargeable) |
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Term
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Definition
| the secondary (rechargeable) lithium-ion battery is used to power laptops, and cell phones |
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Term
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Definition
| reactants enter the cell and products leave - reaction rates are lower than other batteries |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases activation energy |
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Term
| Faraday's law of electrolysis |
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Definition
| amount of substance produced at each electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of charge flowing through the cell |
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Term
| Electrolysis Stoichiometry |
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Definition
| Mass of substance x mol of substance x mol of e- x charge x current |
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Term
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Definition
| the splitting of a substance by the input of electrical energy |
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Term
| When an (aq) salt solution is electrolyzed |
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Definition
| the strongest oxidizing agent is reduced, the strongest reducing agent is oxidized |
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Term
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Definition
| additional voltage needed to produce gases at metal electrodes |
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