Term
|
Definition
Relationship between supply of water, food, sanitation and the population growth.
Need to meet all these needs to compensate for your population.
64 of 105 developing countries don't have enough resources for its population. |
|
|
Term
| Annual rate of natural population change |
|
Definition
(Birth rate-death rate)/1000
Doesn't include migration because even though there are people coming in, there are also people leaving. |
|
|
Term
| Replacement fertility rate |
|
Definition
| Average number of children needed to replace parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Average number of children each woman has in her lifetime. |
|
|
Term
| Things that influence rate at which population grows/fertility determinants |
|
Definition
Education.
Income.
Availability of birth control.
Religion/culture.
Age of marriage (#1 factor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of how decisions are made in regards to environmental behavior and choices. |
|
|
Term
| 4 Incentive Problems of environmental economics |
|
Definition
| 1). The "commons"--there's no technical solution; problem is behavioral in nature and people are selfish (e.g., depletion of fish stocks in international waters). / 2.) Externalities--Consequences of your decisions on others; positive or negative spillover impacts on a third party that wasn't directly related to transaction (e.g., upstream pollution, car pollution). / 3.) Public goods--things that we share, such as air, water, space. / 4.) Policy instruments--How we manage something. 3 ways: (a) Direct/command control--tell ppl what to do through regulations. (b) Market-based--Taxes, subsidies. (c) Moral suasion--guilt, education. |
|
|
Term
| 2 Incentive solutions to environmental economics |
|
Definition
| 1. Get incentives right: need to make smart individual decisions over shared resources (e.g., for commons problem, we could charge for use. For upstream pollution, we could charge for damages). 2. Cost-benefit analysis: measure costs and benefits; pick the option with the greatest net benefits. (Shoe factory example) |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms that cause sprawl |
|
Definition
| Tax policy. Affordable housing (land prices cheaper on outskirts). Desire for that suburban lifestyle. American Dream. Easy highway access. Cheaper parking. |
|
|
Term
| Negative consequences of sprawl |
|
Definition
| Traffic. Pollution. Loss of natural areas. Cost of infrastructure. |
|
|
Term
| Positive consequences of sprawl |
|
Definition
| Affordable housing. Greater political accountability (smaller area=better access to politicians=make them more accountable). More choices due to greater variety. Income growth. Economic opportunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. New urbanism: mixed land use. Compact living. Avoid cars. Re-use space.
2. Smart growth: Everything that new urbanism has, plus public input and considering regional growth (consider whole regional growth instead of just that small city). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Something we get for free from environment that gives us benefits |
|
|
Term
| Example of an ecosystem service |
|
Definition
New York City had option between building new water treatment plant (expensive) and using natural watershed (chose this... cheaper). Examples= Catskill/Delaware Watershed; Croten.
Benefit: purified water. Cost: Had to pay people in rural area to have access to water, fix up environment. |
|
|
Term
| Most growth in CA occurs here (for past few decades) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most populated place in CA |
|
Definition
| Los Angeles/Southern California region |
|
|
Term
| Fast growth conflict is a challenge between ? and ? |
|
Definition
Population and Habitats.
Ex= gnatcatcher (endangered bird) |
|
|
Term
| Assortment of levels of protecting/saving species. |
|
Definition
1. Federal Government--(ESA) Endangered Species Act/(NEPA) National Environment Protection Act.
2. State government--CEQA (California Environmental Quality Act... doesn't have a lot of power, more just to inform the people)/California Coastal Commission (regulates land/water uses along coastal region). 3. Local Government--Purchase land for conservation/ pre-emptive approaches, such as NCCP (National Community Conservation Plan)/HCP (Habitat Conservation Plan) |
|
|
Term
| U.S. Car travel per person has ? over the last 50 years. |
|
Definition
| increased. Rest of the world is following similar path. |
|
|
Term
| LA congestion... every measure has ? yet pollution has ?. Why? |
|
Definition
| Increased (such as travel time, population size, size of metro, etc.). Decreased (because of newer cars/better technology) |
|
|
Term
| 4 Strategies/methods to solve congestion |
|
Definition
1.) Pricing--(a) pollution: tax/fine polluting vehicles; gas taxes. (b) congestion: charge for use of roads during peak times, HOT lanes.
2.) Car alternatives--Transit, walking, biking.
3.) Urban design--New urbanism and smart growth; make people closer to their jobs.
4.) Technology--make better, smaller, "smarter" cars |
|
|
Term
| Groups of people with greatest percentage growth in commute distance |
|
Definition
| 1. Latino males. 2. Black females. 3. Latino females. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fair treatment of all people of all races, cultures and incomes with regards to the development, adoption implementation and enforcement of environmental laws.
Basically, about who, where, why gets what environmental quality. |
|
|
Term
| Gender & race driving most |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Environmental injustice examples |
|
Definition
1. Kids in low-income neighborhoods acquired asthma due to the air pollution in these areas; once one of these people came to UCLA (where air is clearer), her asthma went away.
2. When asked to draw pictures of their neighborhoods, children in low-income neighborhood drew large oil refinery in background.
3. Been study (1998) found that Latinos, African Americans disproportionately represented in neighborhoods surrounding TSD facilities, not low income communities.
4. Manuel Pastor discovered that neighborhoods surrounding air toxics facilities were disproportionately Latino and low-income. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Federal/State laws designed to mitigate environmental harm and promote EJ |
|
Definition
Federal Executive Order. California requirements (CEQA, CARB, air pollution permitting).
Existing sources (develop cleaner technology, affordable housing). Community opposition (involves communities and neighborhoods becoming involved w/ controversial facilities and land uses) |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Federal/State laws designed to mitigate environmental harm and promote EJ |
|
Definition
Federal Executive Order. California requirements (CEQA, CARB, air pollution permitting).
Existing sources (develop cleaner technology, affordable housing). Community opposition (involves communities and neighborhoods becoming involved w/ controversial facilities and land uses) |
|
|
Term
| NIMBY, CAVE, NIMTOO, NIABY, BANANA |
|
Definition
| Not in my back yard. Communities against virtually everything. Not in my term of office. Not in anybody's backyard. Build absolutely nothing anywhere near anyone. |
|
|
Term
| Community opposition vs. environmental justice |
|
Definition
Organized community resistance to controversial facility siting is often viewed as the selfish practices of intolerant residents (NIMBY).
But opposition can also be attempts to overcome discrimination (environmental justice). |
|
|
Term
| Playa Vista/Ballona Creek History |
|
Definition
| Included plentiful fish and game. Wetlands provide food, water and shelter to wildlife. Also provides flood control (absorbs forest of excess rainwater, snowmelt, offshore flooding, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Controversy of Ballona Wetlands |
|
Definition
| Environmentalists want to stop construction on 1 of the last wetlands in Southern CA. Focus of these concerns= traffic, sustainability, and restoration. Basically, how many people are they planning to stuff in this wetland biome? |
|
|
Term
| Restoration of Ballona Wetlands |
|
Definition
| State and federal governments demonstrate an increased awareness of both the broad public benefits and the need to protect wetland habitats. Basically, we don't want to lose anymore wetlands in CA b/c we've already lost 90%. |
|
|
Term
| Playa Vista; what it does |
|
Definition
| Construction development in the Ballona wetland. Reduces sprawl, restores freshwater wetlands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actions taken to reverse or reduce damage to the environment by human actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Led to environmentally beneficial behaviors. B/c gas prices increased so much, ppl tried to find better and cheaper alternatives to cars. Led to an increase in "Green Behavior". Basically showed that economics/price shock can influence people's behavior. Pricing=one factor that links economics and climate change. |
|
|
Term
| 5 basic infrastructure services that the urban poor often lack |
|
Definition
| 1. Safe water. 2. Household sanitation. 3. Storm drainage. 4. Solid waste collection and disposal. 5. Public transport and access to roads and footpaths. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Improving the provision of very basic services for the poor/legalizing and regulating the properties in situations of insecure or unclear tenure. Physical improvement, health issues, lack of basic education=most important. |
|
|
Term
| Policy design/implementation for poverty-stricken countries |
|
Definition
| Targeting the poor. Identifying user demand. Responding to demand. Strengthening local government involvement. Engaging the private sector. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live off of Cairo's garbage and recycle items made of paper, plastic and tin. Each recycler has a donkey cart or a truck and picks up about 1 ton of garbage/day. Girls revived Egyptian art of hand loom weaving... by weaving rags into rugs for resale. Young men separate waste and deliver organic waste to Bedouin farmers. |
|
|
Term
| Governance Capacity (poverty-stricken countries) |
|
Definition
| Governance plays a role in how people act or do not act. Appropriate strategies may vary according to the capacity of the government. "Low" end governments have more limited capacity. "High" end governments have capacity for relatively sophisticated techniques, high-end components, and more complex implementation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decentralization initiative (local elections spending, revenue generation, planning). Municipal finance options. Municipal responsibilities. Urban planning. |
|
|
Term
| Problem with water/Examples |
|
Definition
Water= scarce and undervalued. When water is undervalued, it is wasted, leading to shortages. Ex.=Mexico City. There are 20 million people in the Valley of MX (8 million in MX City). Water is scarce (imports 1/3). It has very low water rates and very high leakage rates (infrastructures are old and not quite up-to-date). Consequences=high replacement cost/enormous waste; few funds to make repairs, expand coverage, or treat sewage; water very expensive to supply but treated as cheap good; strong push to import more water at low user cost.
***Another example=California. Regularly has drought conditions and shortages in cities. About 80% of water consumed in the state is by agriculture (yet farmers are never asked to try and conserve; mostly directed at general public to stop cleaning swimming pools, cars as much). Much of this is imported from northern CA and Arizona. Sometimes at heavily subsidized rates via Federal and State irrigation projects. Consequences=encourages water intensive crops w/ little conservation; many large users pay only a small share of system costs; water very expensive to supply but treated as a cheap commodity by many farmers; strong push to import more water at low user cost. |
|
|
Term
| In CA, a lot of our water comes from ? |
|
Definition
| Northern California. Mainly California Aqueduct, Colorado River, Owens Valley. |
|
|
Term
| Why are farmers heavily subsidized (funded) in costs of water? |
|
Definition
| If they were forced to pay same amount of water prices that people in cities pay, they wouldn't be able to have enough water to plant/water all crops, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Main premise of water markets |
|
Definition
| Water is too cheap. Via competition, prices adjust until the supplier cost equals the value to consumers. |
|
|
Term
| Explanation for why water is so cheap |
|
Definition
| Prices are too low b/c they're often set randomly/illogically (arbitrarily) or for political purposes, rather than by market demand and supply. |
|
|
Term
| Example of water market in Indonesia |
|
Definition
| Jakarta, Indonesia--80% of the 8 million residents use well water, but near the coast the ground water is saline and polluted. Some households have tap water but most do not, and obtain water from vendors and neighborhood taps=> the water system is in many regards a private market. But vended water is 20-40x more expensive than tap water=> solution is more taps, public and private. Going below a certain water usage per family results in deteriorating health, dehydration, can't clean food or people. Now that it costs more, water is being saved more and people are trying to use from the cheapest form. |
|
|
Term
| 5 places where we can get water |
|
Definition
| Wells. Inhouse pipes. Neighbor. Standpipe. Vendor. (The cheaper the source, the more water is used) |
|
|
Term
| Example of water market in CA |
|
Definition
| Southern California. The current market structure is complex, governed by about 3,000 organizations responsible for the pricing and transport of water to irrigation districts and municipal customers. Growing municipalities in SoCal are increasing in the demand for water and ultimately the price--> farmers will feel an increasing pressure to conserve. 1 mechanism is a deal b/t the Metropolitan Water District (MWD), which serves most of urban SoCal, and the Imperial irrigation District (IID), serving the Imperial Valley. In 1987, the MWD agreed to pay the costs of conservation technologies for the IID and receive the saved water in return at a discount. |
|
|
Term
| Water market in San Francisco |
|
Definition
| The SF Public Utility Commission is in the City water department, but it mainly sells water (from the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir) to other agencies and governments in the region. For City residents, it's a public utility. To other customers, it's an unregulated monopoly with virtually no political oversight. There's a water market, but it's not competitive. |
|
|
Term
| A competitive water market results in ? |
|
Definition
| Water prices that reflect water's value and scarcity-- by balancing supply with demand |
|
|
Term
| How will users value water with its true costs? What will water agencies then be better able to do? |
|
Definition
| If they pay accordingly. Water agencies will then be better able to finance maintenance, expand services to the poor, improve quality, and encourage conservation in the bargain! :D |
|
|
Term
| Not all water markets are competitive; what is an example? |
|
Definition
| San Francisco (but they already have a lot of water to begin with, which may be why there's no competition) |
|
|
Term
| China's urbanization: ? of ? is what's important |
|
Definition
| Rate of change. They are urbanizing so quickly that the stresses on sprawl, traffic, land use, migration, governance are unique to this country.... basically, China's developing extremely fast. |
|
|
Term
| International and environmental conflict |
|
Definition
| Resource issues that span borders; dispute of the allocation of natural shared resources by countries. Generally about rivers and water. E.g., upstream country wants to build a hydroelectric power plant; it would affect downstream countries. Economic developments might be involved in these resource disputes. |
|
|
Term
| 2 main issues of international environmental conflicts/problem/alternatives |
|
Definition
1. BIlateral or mutilateral conflicts over resources (e.g., rivers).
2. National economic development programs that are resource intensive (e.g., hydroelectric). Problem=In addition to externalities, no clear legal authority for rule making or enforcement. Alternatives=treaties, brokered agreements, war. |
|
|
Term
| Example of International Conflict (The Nile) background info |
|
Definition
| The Nile. It's the main source of water for 9 nations of the Nile basin. Its water is barely enough to satisfy the enormous water demands of the region. Access to the Nile's waters has already been defined as a vital national priority by Egypt and Sudan. They have professed themselves willing to go to war over it. |
|
|
Term
| Political impacts of The Nile |
|
Definition
| Egypt maintains control over 87% of Nile. Sudan can't develop without Egyptian consent. Ethiopia has no water rights under the 1959 agreement. Continuing conflicts and threats. |
|
|
Term
| 1959 Agreement of Nile River |
|
Definition
| 1959 Agreement: Sudan and Egypt sign the "full utilization of the Nile waters" agreement, which portioned out the entire Nile b/t the 2 countries (87% vs. 13%) ignoring Ethiopia. 100,000 Nubians in northern Sudan forced to move (and again in 1990s). (Egypt has more power even though it's located downstream... not usually the case). |
|
|
Term
| International Conflicts: The Euphrates |
|
Definition
| Flows from Turkey (upstream/most power) through Syria to Iraq. Turkey-Syria dispute: In early to mid-1990s, the water flows from Turkey to Syria decreased enough to stop operations of 7 of the 10 turbines at the Syrian hydroelectric plant at Tabaqah, causing severe power outages country-wide. Syria-Iraq Dispute: Syrian dam projects since 1974, reducing flow to Iraq by 75%. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brings lots of water from Sierra Nevada into SoCal. 80% of CA's water being used by agricultural industry, and much of water from CA aqueduct and CO river now being contested (can't get anymore water from north b/c other states' usage is increasing); CA got water rights by acquiring land rights, buying water adjacent to the river. |
|
|
Term
| What is the environmental conflict when you cross into international borders? Potential solution? |
|
Definition
| Stakes are higher; consequences of actions are higher. Solution= get a 3rd party to help broker a deal (unbiased side) |
|
|
Term
| Human impacts on the environment/main driving force |
|
Definition
| Consumption. Contamination. Neglect. Ignorance. Overexploitation/ population growth |
|
|
Term
| Impacts of the environment on people |
|
Definition
| Climate. Food. Water. Shelter. |
|
|
Term
| Why do cities CAUSE environmental problems? |
|
Definition
| Land consumption. Pollution of air/water. Traffic and waste generation. |
|
|
Term
| Why are cities hazardous to their residents? |
|
Definition
| Air pollution. Access to services (transportation). Risk proportion (safe to walk on highway? etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Relationship b/t deforestation and poverty? |
|
Definition
| Environment degradation makes firewood scarce so people must walk further and further to collect wood for heating and cooking. Having more children means having more resources to do this (children=valuable to the family). However, families get larger, more wood is needed to support growing family, environments gets more degraded, etc. It's a constant cycle! |
|
|
Term
| How can we change the deforestation/poverty cycle? |
|
Definition
| Make it more expensive to have children (make elementary school mandatory); that way, children become costs rather than assets. Using alternative fuels. Eco-tourism (instead of making a profit by exploiting/cutting down natural resources, make a profit by having people pay to look at natural environments [rainforests, etc.]) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focusing on solving environmental problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focusing more on human needs/waste problems (water, sanitation) |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory strategies of federal/state laws designed to mitigate environmental harm and promote environmental justice |
|
Definition
| 1.) Federal Executive Order--requires federal agencies to address environmental justice. 2.) SoCal Air Quality Management District created a task force to deal with environmental justice. 3.) California CEQA requires that all civil engineering construction projects must mitigate (lessen) environmental effects. |
|
|
Term
| Solution for Playa Vista controversy |
|
Definition
| Asked public what they'd like. Greatly scaled-down the development so that the public would approve. Came to agreement with environmentalists. Paid them off as compensation. Secretly paid them to criticize other environmentalists. Restoration of freshwater wetlands. |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the changes in incentives that projects (for developing countries) typically follow? |
|
Definition
| Shift toward democratization. Widespread perception of environmental/public health issues. Increased role of non-governmental organizations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Improve definition of emerging structure/functions of local governments. Building a municipal finance system. Upgrade land records. Upgrade urban planning. Include the private sector. |
|
|
Term
| How do you assess how much pollution is ok? |
|
Definition
| Having zero pollution isn't good b/c it means we've "stopped" economically--economy would be dead. Base it off of benefits of polluting vs. benefits of economy. It's a trade-off system/cost-benefit analysis. |
|
|
Term
| Incentives to cause pollution/incentives to reduce pollution |
|
Definition
| Cause: More technological advances, more manufactured goods. Reduce: Health issues, life expectancy, climate change. |
|
|
Term
| Externalities from using cars |
|
Definition
| Pollution (air pollution and CO2/greenhouse gas emissions) |
|
|
