Term
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Definition
| A device which uses lenses to magnify small things. |
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Definition
| The smallest unit of life, many of these make up an organism. |
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Definition
| The semi-permeable "container" that holds a cells contents together and controls what enters and leaves a cell. |
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Definition
| The gel-like substance which holds all of a cells contents. |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of a cell with a specific function. |
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Definition
| The part of a cell which controls its activities. |
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Definition
| An molecule containing the genetic code. |
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Definition
| The place in a cell where respiration occurs. |
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Definition
| Made of cellulose this tough outer layer surrounds some cells and can control the shape of the cell. |
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Definition
| The compound which makes up the cell wall in plant cells. |
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Definition
| A space in a cell which may contain water or solution. Plant cells often have one large vacuole. |
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Definition
| These contain chlorophyll to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The green substance in some plant cells that absorbs sunlight. |
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Definition
| A special type of telescope for looking at objects smaller than a light microscope can magnify sufficiently. |
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Definition
| The double-helix shapes DNA structure found in many cells, including human cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ring of DNA capable of replicating itself. Found in bacteria commonly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long thread-like parts of some cells that help them move. |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of making something appear bigger (using a lens). |
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Term
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Definition
| Where two things both increase at the same ratio to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structures made up of DNA. Found in cells nuclei in animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The name given to a section of DNA that controls a particular characteristic. |
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Term
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Definition
| The shape of the DNA molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| The building blocks of DNA that can be adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The base that pairs with thymine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The base that pairs with adenine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The base that pairs with cytosine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The base that pairs with guanine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine - pairs of bases that bond together. |
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Term
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Definition
| The weak bonds holding the double helix together. |
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Term
| Human Genome Project (HGP) |
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Definition
| The research project to map all human genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| All of organism's genetic information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Manipulating (altering) an organisms genes using technology. |
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Term
| Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) |
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Definition
| AN organism that has genes altered intentionally by humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A genetically modified rice designed to contain more beta-carotene (to produce vitamin A). |
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Term
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Definition
| The substance that makes carrots orange and is important for vitamin A. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something designed to kill particular plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| The range of different biological life. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cells that form after the first stage of mitosis or meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The original cell that undertakes mitosis or meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproduction involving mitosis to form identical off-spring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproduction involving meiosis to give variation in offspring. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Containing half the number of normal chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fusion of gametes (sex cells) to make a new cell, e.g. sperm and egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| The initial cell formed after fertilisation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ball of many cells in the initial stages of pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell replication that involves the formation of daughter cells with different (and half the number of) chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A particular form of a gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identical genetic copies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell with the nucleus removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| When something is inserted into something else. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A mother who has been artificially inseminated (has had a donor embryo that is not her own). |
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Term
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Definition
| Stem cells found in the embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unspecialised cell which can become other types of cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell which has become more specialised. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stem cell that comes from an adult, as opposed to an embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| The code formed by genes / DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| The building blocks which form proteins and which proteins break down in to during digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The building of new proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA being copied into RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| The RNA which moves from the nucleus to the ribosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the RNA code that replace thyanine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The place in a cell where protein synthesis occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The method used to read the RNA code in sections of three. |
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Term
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Definition
| Segments of three of the genetic code. |
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Term
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Definition
| The RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosomes to be built into proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An alteration to the genetic code. |
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Term
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Definition
| A biological catalyst. It helps control the rate of a reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something which speeds up the rate of reaction but is not part of the reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The break down of larger molecules of food into smaller ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The molecule an enzyme acts on. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relating to one in particular. |
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Term
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Definition
| The place on an enzyme where the reaction occurs. |
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Term
| ‘Lock and key’ hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that an enzyme's active site fits particular molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| The permanent damage of an enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| The release of energy from glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Respiration that requires oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The blood vessels that carry blood to cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between two areas of concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of different gases (e.g. carbon dioxide and oxygen). |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of blood pumped from one ventricle in a heart beat. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of blood pumped by the heart (from a ventricle) in one minute. |
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Term
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Definition
| Respiration without oxygen that leads to lactic acid build up. |
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Term
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Definition
| The acid that builds up as a product of anaerobic respiration. |
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Term
| Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) |
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Definition
| The oxygen required to break down lactic acid after anaerobic respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| A carbohydrate (large molecule). |
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Term
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Definition
| The release of energy from the reaction between carbon dioxide and water. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tiny pores on the epidermis of land plants. |
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Term
| Surface area to volume ratio |
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Definition
| The ratio of something's surface area to its overall volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor which causes a limit to something (e.g. limits photosynthesis). |
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Term
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Definition
| The long thin cells on roots that give a large surface area for diffusion to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| The net movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane. |
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Term
| Partially permeable membrane |
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Definition
| A membrane that only lets some (smaller) molecules pass through it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The uptake of minerals against the concentration gradient (from low to high) that requires energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The (tubes) in a plant that transport water (and some minerals). |
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Term
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Definition
| The (tubes) in a plant that carry sugar solution and some minerals around the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which moisture is carried through plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| An instrument for measuring light intensity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A particular place or surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of living things that are interact with each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| An environment occupied by a particular species. |
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Term
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Definition
| How something is spread out. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of selecting a smaller set of individuals from a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sampling by using a method that gives random individuals or areas of study. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that is an example that represents the bigger population. |
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Term
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Definition
| A device used to collect insects. |
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Term
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Definition
| A net for catching some species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A net for catching some species from ponds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hole dug to catch some species for sampling. |
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Term
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Definition
| A square used to identify an area for sampling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sampling using a logical/mathematical way of working out where to sample from. |
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Term
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Definition
| The preserved remains or traces of animals or plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| The overall record of fossils found. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that species change over time due to survival of the fittest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Five toes or fingers on a limb. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in size or quantity over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A value below which a certain percentage of individuals fall (e.g. 20% fall below the 20th percentile). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The pale yellow part of blood that holds the blood cells etc. in suspension. |
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Term
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Definition
| The blood cells that carry oxygen (and have no nucleus). |
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Term
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Definition
| The blood cells that fight infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the blood that leads to clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The iron compound in red blood cells that reacts with oxygen etc. in order to carry it from the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of cells working together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that identify and neutralise foreign bodies in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of tissues working together. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A wall dividing something into two parts (as in the heart, lungs and nose). |
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Term
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Definition
| The blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| The entrance chamber to the heart for dexoygenated blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A "flap" that opens to allow blood to flow in the correct direction and closes to prevent backflow. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second chamber in the heart for deoxygenated blood that pumps it to the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The entrance chamber to the heart for oxygenated blood from the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second chamber for oxygenated blood which pumps the blood to the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The blood vessel which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Tubes" which carry blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organs working together to perform a function. |
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Term
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Definition
| The system that transports blood etc. around the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The system that breaks down food into smaller molecules for absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gut (tubes of the digestive system). |
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Term
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Definition
| The ball of food swallowed down the oesphagus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A watery substance found in the mouth that contains amylase. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tube that carries out peristalsis to carry a bolus of food from the mouth to the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| The action of moving a bolus of food through the oesophagus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the digestive system containing acid and pepsin. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the digestive system where digestion and absorption occurs of all food groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| The small structures on the intestines that increase surface area and allow absorption to happen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organ that releases enzymes into the digestive system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the digestive system where water is mainly absorbed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The waste from digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The opening at the end of the digestive system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organ with many jobs including bile production. |
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Term
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Definition
| The substance which neutralises stomach acid and helps to emulsify fats. |
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Term
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Definition
| The place where bile is stored. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Complex molecules built from amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Food molecules that are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules found in food (i.e. a type of carbohydrate). |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars (e.g. glucose or maltose). |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzyme that breaks carbohydrates down into maltose (or glucose/simple sugars). |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzymes that break proteins down into amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| The small molecules that make up proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzyme found in the stomach that breaks down proteins and works in acidic conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzymes that break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. |
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Term
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Definition
| An acid that make up fats. |
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Term
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Definition
| A liquid that make up fats. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mixture of two or more liquids that will not mix well normally. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that allows two liquids that will not mix well to intersperse. |
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Term
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Definition
| A food with an ingredient that has an additional purpose (such as promoting health of the digestive system). |
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Term
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Definition
| Live microorganisms that may benefit the host. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bacteria that helps break down lactose. |
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Term
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Definition
| A "good bacteria" that helps with digestive health. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant extracts that reduce certain cholesterol levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A waxy substance from fats needed by the body but which can block arteries if too much is present in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Foods that help promote growth of good bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of sugar that may act as a prebiotic. |
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