Term
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Definition
ejection of magma to surface
may be explosive or quiet (effusive) |
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Term
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Definition
| small pipe leading from magma to surface |
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Term
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Definition
| large (up to several tons) |
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Term
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Definition
| fraction of inch to about 2 inches |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller, falls like snow within few miles |
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Term
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Definition
| may remain in atmosphere for years |
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Term
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Definition
explosive
formed by pieces of solidifies lava thrown from central vent
very rapid growth to <1000 ft
large central crater with one side higher than the other
cones usually occur in groups, often along a fault
fragments resemble furnace clinker |
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Term
| Composite (strato-) volcano |
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Definition
explosive
alternating layers of cinder/ash and lava flows
heights can reach several thous. feet
crater may change form rapidly, even develop secondary cones |
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Term
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Definition
somewhat effusive/ highly explosive
lava is viscous, sets up quickly (thus producing explosions) |
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Term
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Definition
effusive
highly fluid lava, spreads before set-up
therefore, gently rising
wide, steep-sided central depression |
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Term
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Definition
effusive
non-viscous lava flows from fissures
forms horizontal strata, or flows down slope
successive flows may produce deposits thousands of feet thick. |
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Term
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Definition
natturally occuring inorganic substance
composed of elements forming a crystalline solid
this solid has definite chemical composition and distinctive physical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of different combinations of minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| molten rock within the lithosphere which cools to become a solid |
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Term
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Definition
| molten rock that has reached the surface |
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Term
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Definition
determined by:
magma chemistry
cooling rate
size of the intrusion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formed by the cooling of molten rock |
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Term
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Definition
volcanic rocks which reach the surface
i.e. lava |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by magma which doesn't reach the surface, but is intruded into crustal rock where it cools |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
intrusive landform
remnant of solidified lava in the vent of a volcano |
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Term
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Definition
intrusive landform
lava "wall" which originally filled a fracture |
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Term
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Definition
| a horizontal structure, parallel to and interbedded in pre-existing rock |
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Term
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Definition
| large body of igneous rock |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller body of igneous rock |
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Term
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Definition
rocks undergo weathering
the particles which are transported and deposited are sediments
the agents of transportation are water, ice, and wind |
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby sediments become sedimentary rocks |
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Term
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Definition
sedimentary rock derived from the remains of preexisting rocks that have been eroded
all are clastic (made up of elements) |
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Term
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Definition
| the result of precipitation of material dissolved in water |
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Term
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Definition
| the irreversible deformation which rock undergoes due to tectonic stress |
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Term
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Definition
resemble wraps of wrinkles in rock
occur in every shape, size
monocline, anticline, syncline, overturned |
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Term
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Definition
| either igneous or sedimentary rocks can change in appearance and/or composition. Caused by intense heat or pressure changes in earths crust |
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Term
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Definition
| affects a narrow band of rock surrounding an igneous intrusion |
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Term
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Definition
| causes widespread changes in buried rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| combined action of all processes where rock is decomposed and or disintegrated at or near the earth surface |
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Term
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Definition
| combined effect of gravity and the forces of weathering |
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Term
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Definition
| rock falls apart grain by grain |
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Term
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Definition
surface peeling of rock layers
the effect of mechanical and/or chemical weathering or unloading |
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Term
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Definition
| breakage along fractures and bedding joints already there from cooling of magma, crustal movement, and sedimentary processes |
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Term
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Definition
disintegration along new surfaces of breakage in otherwise massive, strong rock
forms very angular pieves with sharp corners and edges |
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Term
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Definition
hydration
carbonation
oxidation |
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Term
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Definition
freeze-thaw heaving
unloading
salt crystals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mass weathering
includes rock fall and debris fall
gravity vs cliff
forms a talus slope |
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Term
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Definition
shearing of material along an arced line of slippage
the slump block has a rotational movement and often remains intact |
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Term
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Definition
| often caused by water entering the rock/soil structure, resulting in a loss of surface tension and added weight |
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Term
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Definition
the matter in a slope becomes saturated and results in slope falure.
debris flow and mud flow |
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Term
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Definition
| due to freeze that activity in the soil |
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