Term
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Definition
| The ability to do work to bring about change, make things happen |
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Term
| What is kinetic (energy)? |
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Definition
| Energy at motion or at work |
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Term
| What is potential energy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Potential energy locked in the bonds of molecules. When bonds are broken, kinitic energy is released. |
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Term
| Energy required for cell metabolism is in what form of energy? |
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Definition
| ATP (Adenesine Triphosphate) |
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Term
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| Energy is neither created nor destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is no transport of energy, it is 100% efficient |
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Term
| What is conservation of energy? |
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Definition
| A principle stating that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant regardless of changes within the system |
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Term
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| the tendency that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential equilibrate in an isolated physical system (electricity heats water, hot water heats hand, but not as well as electricity-energy quality decreases) things go from order to disorder. |
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Term
| What is ATP? Describe its cycle. |
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Definition
| The usable form of energy in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + free energy, metabolism of other nutrients |
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Term
| Describe aerobic respiration |
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Definition
| The release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of Oxygen |
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Term
| What are the three reactions involved in aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
a)Glycolysis
b)Kreb's Cycle
c)Electron Transport Phosporylation |
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Term
| Describe Glycolysis and list reactants and products. |
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Definition
| The 6-carbon glucose molecule breaks down into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules. The reactants are glucose and oxygen. It then produces two molecules of ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
Transport of substances cross a membrance against the tendency of diffusion.
Requires ATP energy. |
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Term
| What is passive transport? |
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Definition
| When substances diffuse across the plasma membrane. Does not require energy input |
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Term
| Give an example of Active Transport |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of passive transport |
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Definition
Simple Diffusion - Movement of oxygen
Facilitated Diffusion - Transport of amino acids by proteins.
Osmosis - Water crossing the membrane |
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Term
| Differences between Active and Passive transport. |
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Definition
PASSIVE - Uses no energy
ACTIVE - Uses energy (ATP)
PASSIVE - substances follow their concentration gradient (from High concentration to Low Concentration)
ACTIVE - substances move agains their concentration gradient (from Low contentration to high concentration) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunlight converting through chlorophyll into chemical energy (Potential energy in bonds of glucose) |
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Term
| How do large molecules LEAVE a cell? |
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Definition
| Exocytosis - membrance-bound vesicle, carrying some substance, fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell |
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Term
| How do large molecules ENTER a cell? |
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Definition
| Endocytosis - a substance is brought into the cell by a vesicle pinching inward. |
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Term
| What is the formula for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| 6 CO2 + 6 H2O => C6-H12-O6 + 6 O2 |
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Term
| What types of work(3) does a cell perform using ATP? |
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Definition
| Mechanical Work Transport Work Chemical Work |
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Term
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Definition
| When a phosphate group is transferred from an ATP to another molecule producing ADP. |
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Term
| What is a coupled reaction? |
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Definition
| chemical reaction with a common intermediate in which energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other. |
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Term
| Give an example of a coupled reaction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Celluar Respiration uses ADP+P and oxygen to generate ATP -> ATP is used for work leaving ADP+P -> Starts over again. |
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Term
| Why is phosphorylation important? |
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Definition
| It releases the energy to do work |
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Term
| What is cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| The production of ATP from ADP+P using oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A picture of DNA in a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A section of DNA that has instructions for making one protein |
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Term
| Define sister chromatids. |
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Definition
| Chromosomes with duplicated DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/2 diploid(1 set of chromosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does sequestering carbon do? |
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Definition
| Puts out of cycle/circulation by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are homologous chromosomes? |
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Definition
*A pair of chromosomes-Different versions of the same gene
*nonsex chromosomes
*equivalent, but not identical
*same genes, but a unique set of mutations inherited from one or the other parent
one pair from mother, one pair from father |
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Term
| What is the role of proto-oncogenes? |
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Definition
| to encode proteins that help a cell divide under favorable conditions. |
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Term
| Overview DNA to protein synthesis |
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Definition
| DRA->nRNA->Protein->metabolic role |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are three types of gene mutations? |
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Definition
Base Pair Substitution
Base Insertion
Base Deletion |
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Term
| What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| Asexual-start with one parent and get exact copy with no variation (1 parent), uses mitosis Dna is stored in chromosomes Sexual- Gametes start with two parents and create a new combination of genes. Recombination of genes. uses miosis |
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Term
| What is the DNA mutation base pair substitution? |
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Definition
| When a pair in the DNA is substituted with another DNA pair. |
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Term
| What is the DNA mutation base Insertion? |
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Definition
| When a DNA pair is inserting into a DNA strand |
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Term
| What is the DNA mutation Base Deletion? |
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Definition
| When a DNA pair is removed from a DNA strand |
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Term
| Compare miosis and mitosis. |
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Definition
| First, meiosis involves not one, but two cell divisions. Second, meiosis leads to the production of germ cells, which are cells that give rise to gametes. Germ cells are different from somatic cells in a critical way. Whereas somatic cells are diploid, meaning they have two copies of each chromosome, germ cells are haploid. The haploid nature of germ cells is vital to the process of sexual reproduction. |
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Term
| What are possible triggers for DNA mutation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is meant by "Junk DNA"? |
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Definition
| DNA sequences that do not encode for protein sequences (Non-Coding) |
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Term
| Is there any value to Junk DNA? |
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Definition
| Yes. Some is transcribed into RNA. |
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Term
| Describe the multiple hit model of cancer development. |
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Definition
| Multiple mutations are required for the development and progression of cancer. Ex: mutant genes, environmental factors, |
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Term
| What is the revised view of the central dogma of biology? |
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Definition
| The "junk" DNA is not really junk instead it is useful and it is transcribed into RNA with an unknow purpose. |
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Term
| What is the main goal of DNA transcription? |
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Definition
| The producing a copy of a gene. |
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Term
| What is the main goal of DNA translation |
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Definition
| Decoding the RNA to produce proteins. |
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Term
| What 2 roles do proteins serve in the cell? |
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Definition
| They function as enzymes They provide structural components of a cell ( extracelular materials) |
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Term
| What is meant by the term "gene"? |
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Definition
| A precise unit of information used to direct the synthesis of all or part of a protein molecule. |
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Term
| What is the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
| Double stranded spiral helix |
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Term
| What is meant by base pairing in DNA? |
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Definition
| The nucleotides on one strand of the DNA helix pair with a specific nucleotide on the other pair of the helix. |
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Term
| What are the three types of RNA? |
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Definition
| mRNA - messenger RNA tRNA - transfer RNA rRNA - ribosomal RNA |
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Term
| How many strands are in DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| How many strands are in RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a transganetic organism? |
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Definition
| An organism that has had genes from another organism incorporated into its DNA structure. |
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Term
| What is recombinant DNA technology? |
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Definition
| Deliberate removeal of a DNA sequence from one organism and inserting it into the cell of another organism of a different species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that damages DNA and Chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A tumor that stays in one place and does not affect the surrounding structures. |
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Term
| What is a malignant tumor? |
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Definition
| A tumor that invades surrounding structures |
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Term
| What is the process of metastasis of a tumor? |
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Definition
| When some cells of a malignant tumor break away and start new cancers at distant locations in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
*Tobacco use *A high,fat-low fiber diet
*lack of exercise *Obesity *Excess Alcohol *Increasing age |
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Term
| What is the goal of sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| ?? Passing genes and Chromosomes to daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| When sperm and egg cells combine their genetic information-sperm and egg cell fuse by meiosis. |
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Term
| What types of organisms undergo sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
*Organisms whose reproduction requires genetic information from two parents
*Humans
*Animals |
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Term
| What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis? |
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Definition
*Mitosis-the movement of chromosomes into new cells
Chromosomes condense
nuclear membrane is breaking down.
*Cytokineses-nuclear envelopes reform
Chromosomes decondense
Cytoplasm of original parent cell splits |
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Term
| List four functions of mitosis |
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Definition
*Asexual reproduction
*growth
*repair
*Development |
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Term
Describe Cytokinesis.
What is its connection to mitosis? |
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Definition
in plants it requires that cells build a new cell wall.
Membrane bound vesicles from the Golgi apparatus deliver the materials required for building the cell wall the the center of the cell.
In animals, a band of proteins encircles the cell at the equator and divides the cyooplasm. The final phase of Mitosis. |
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Term
| The cell has two main stages: interphase and the mitotic phase. What happens in each? How do they differ? |
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Definition
Interphase-DNA is copied
Mitotic phase-DNA is split equally into two daughter cells
They differ in that the DNA is not yet condensed into chromosomes in Interphase. In Mitosis, the DNA is is Chromosomes. |
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Term
| List the 3 phases of Interphase. Describe what happens in each. |
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Definition
G1-(first gap or growth phase)most of the cell's organelles duplicate.
S phase-(synthesis) DNA in chromosomes replicates.
G2-(second growth) proteins are synthesized that will help drive mitosis to completion. growth continues. |
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Term
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Definition
| the fused sperm and egg cell, which duplicates all genetic information and undergoes mitosis to produce 2 identical daughter cells. |
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Term
| Describe what happens in the S phase of Interphase and include the role of DNA polymerase and complimentary base-pairing. |
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Definition
During the S phase the DNA molecule is copied. New nucleotides are added to each side of the original parent molecule, maintaining the A-to-T and G-to-C base pairings. The result is 2 daughter DNA molecules each composed of one strand of parental nucleotides and one newly synthesized strand.
DNA polymerase binds incoming cucleotides to each other on the newly forming daughter strand. The free nucleotides that have an affinity for each other, they bind to each other-complimentary base-pairing. |
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Term
| What is the role of meiosis? |
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Definition
| cell division to form specialized sex cells called gametes. male gametes are sperm cells. female gametes are egg cells. |
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Term
| How does meiosis differ from mitosis? |
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Definition
mitosis- occurs in somatic cells and produces daugter cells that exact copies of parent cell.
meiosis-occurs in cells that produces gametes and decreases the chromosome number by one-half. |
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Term
| Meiosis contributes to the genetic diversity of offspring by the processes of crossing over and independent assortment. Describe these two methods. |
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Definition
*CROSSING OVER involves the exchange of portions of chromosomes from one member of a homologous pair to the other member. (see p.134-135 in book)
*INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT-the segregation of chromosomes during meiosis
-parents do not give all of their offspring exactly the same set of alleles
50% of an individual's alleles are identical to those found in another offspring of the same parents.
Each egg or sperm cell contains an independant assortment of inherited genes. |
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Term
| Describe in general what gene therapy is, whati it is used for and how it worked in the SCID-XI treatment. |
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Definition
*when scientists try to replace defective human genes with functional genes.
*Used to treat genetic diseases in embryos
or can be performed on body cells to fix or replace the defective protein in the affectied areas.
*SCID-XI treatment-scientists introduced a functional version of the defective gene into an affected individual cell in the laboratory, allowed the cell to reproduce, and placed the copies of the cell bearing the corrected gene into the diseased person. These person who could not fight off any infection are able to fight off infection with the treatment.It was successful because the immune cells that require the enzyme missing in SCID patients circulates in the bloodstream. So they could be returned there. |
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Term
| What is the critical issue in gene therapy that challenges medical researchers? |
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Definition
| Getting the therapeutic gene to the right place. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of GMOs' or transgenic agricultural organisms? |
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Definition
GM crops-
*may make farms more productive
*may be made to taste better
*can be made to have longer shelf lives
*can be made to contain more nutrients
*Engineers hope to cure diseases and save lives. |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages or concerns of GMOs or transgenic agricultural organisms? |
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Definition
GM crops encourage agribusiness which may close down small farms.
GM animals and crops may cause health problems in consumers.
GM crops might have unexpected adverse affects on the environment.
Lack of diversity of GM crops could lead to destruction of food supply worlwide by pest or environmental change.
Present research might lead to the unethical genetic modification of humans. |
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Term
| List examples of trangenic organisms used in pharmaceutical applications andtheir unique applications. |
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Definition
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Term
| List examples of transgenic organisms used in agricultural applications. |
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Definition
crop plants -changed to increase shelf life, yield, and nutritive value(ex. tomatoes-engineered to stay on vine and ripen slower so they taste better, corn)
rBGH-recombinant bovine growth hormone increases production of milk in cows by 20%. |
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