Term
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Definition
Gram Staining
Acid-Fast staining
Endospore Staining |
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Term
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Definition
| -uses 2 or more stains to distinguish bacterial groups |
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Term
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Definition
| uses one stain to see the morphology |
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Term
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Definition
| Shape, size and arrangement of cells |
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Term
Gram Staining steps and dyes used?
What color is positive and negative? |
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Definition
1. Application of crystal violet (primary stain)
2. Application of Iodine (mordant)
3. Alcohol wash (decolorization)
4. Application of safranin (counterstain)
-Purple= +
-Pink= - |
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Term
Acid Fast Staining steps and dyes used?
What color is positive and negative? |
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Definition
1. Application carbolfuchsin (primary stain)
2. Heat (mordant)
3. Acid Alcohol (decolorizer)
4. Methylene Blue (counterstain)
-Pink = +
-Blue = - |
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Term
Endospore Staining Steps and dyes used?
What color is positive and negative? |
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Definition
1. Application of Malachite Green (primary stain)
2. Heat (Mordant)
3. Safranin (Counter stain)
-Green = +
-Pink = - |
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Term
| What are some structural characteristics of Gram Positive cell walls? |
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Definition
-think layer of peptidoglycan
-Wall teichoic acid
-Plasma membrane under layer of peptidoglycan
-Tetrapeptide side chain
-Peptide cross-bridge |
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Term
| What are some structural characteristics of Gram Negative cell walls? |
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Definition
-Thin layer of peptidoglycan
-Outer layer of phospholipids
-lipoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| round cells arranged in twos |
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Term
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Definition
| round cells arranged in chains |
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Term
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Definition
| round cells arranged in grape like clusters |
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Term
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Definition
| rod cells arranged in twos |
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Term
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Definition
| rod cells arranged in chains |
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Term
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Definition
| made of small 70S proteins and rRna; sites for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| area inside the plasma membrane; contains 80% water |
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Term
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Definition
| used to store materials such as lipids, polysaccharide, phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| slimy,sticky material made of polysaccharides and polypeptides; used by bacteria to attach onto surfaces (biofilm) |
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Term
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Definition
| hardened glycocalyx used by bacteria for protection against phagocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| made of DNA and contains most of the genes |
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Term
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Definition
| small, circular, self replicating DNA that may contain a few genes |
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Term
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Definition
| many short hair like protein appendages used for attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| hair like protein appendage used to transfer DNA during conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
| protein filaments used for movement, have different arrangements |
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Term
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Definition
| protein fibrils that spiral around a cell used for movement |
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Term
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Definition
| made of two layers of phospholipids and proteins that act as transporters, channels, receptors and enzymes |
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Term
| 3 Functions of Bacterial Plasma Membrane |
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Definition
1. Selective permeability
2. Bacteria contains enzymes to make energy ATP (ex. electron transport chain in the plasma membrane)
3.Photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| (semipermeable) allows certain molecules or ions to pass through the membrane; but others are prevented from passing through the membrane |
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Term
| Chromophores and Thylakoids of plasma membrane |
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Definition
| contain pigments and enzymes for photosynthesis in photosynthetic bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| do not require ATP because the substances move with their concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration and do not require transporter proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| need transporter proteins to move substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Require ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| require transporter proteins and ATP to move substances against the concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| substances are chemically altered during their transport through the membrane; need transporter proteins and ATP to move substances against the concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| Solute dissolved in solvent |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance dissolved in another substance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| movement of water with its concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| the force needed to stop the flow of water across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the movement of water into the cell exceeds the ability of the plasma membrane to withstand the osmotic pressure |
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Term
True or False
Fungi are sensitive to osmotic pressure |
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Definition
False
Bacteria are sensitive to osmotic pressure and fungi are resistant to osmotic pressure |
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Term
| What substances can damage the plasma membrane of bacteria? |
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Definition
Alcohol
Anitbiotic (polymyxin)
Detergent |
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Term
| Why is the plasma membrane a good terget for antibiotic? |
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Definition
| Atp is produced in the plasma membrane and if that is destroyed then the cell cannot function |
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Term
| Gram negative cell wall.... |
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Definition
| Has a outer membrane made of lipoprotein which is harder to stain |
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Term
| Gram positive cell wall.... |
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Definition
Has a thicker layer of peptidoglygan and holds the primary stain better
Teichoic Acid |
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Term
Eukaryotic Animal cell
Plasma membrane |
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Definition
| Phospholipids bilayer that controls transport of substances |
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Term
Eukaryotic Animal cell
Lysosomes |
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Definition
| contains enzymes that can digest germs |
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Term
Eukaryotic Animal cell
Ribosomes |
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Definition
| larger size involved in protein synthesis |
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Term
Eukaryotic Animal cell
Nucleus |
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Definition
| contains DNA organized into chromosome pairs and histone proteins |
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Term
Eukaryotic Animal cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| membranous organelle involved in modifying proteins |
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Term
Eukaryote (Humans)
Plasma Membrane
Composition
Function |
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Definition
-Phospholipid bilayer, sterols
-transports substances |
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Term
Eukaryote (Humans)
Cell Wall
Composition
Function |
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Definition
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Term
Eukaryote (Humans)
Ribosomes
Composition
Function |
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Definition
-Larger size
-protein synthesis |
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Term
Eukaryote (Humans)
Chromosomes
Composition
Function |
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Definition
-23 chromosome pairs (DNA)
-genes control cell function |
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Term
Eukaryote (Humans)
Membranous Organelles
Composition
Function |
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Definition
| Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes |
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Term
Eukaryote (Humans)
Cell Division
Composition
Function |
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Definition
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Term
Prokaryote (Bacteria)
Plasma Membrane
Composition
Function |
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Definition
-phospholipid bilayer, proteins
-transports substances, energy production |
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Term
Prokaryote (Bacteria)
Cell Wall
Composition
Function |
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Definition
-peptidoglycan
-maintains shape, protection |
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Term
Prokaryote (Bacteria)
Ribosomes
Composition
Function |
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Definition
-Smaller size
-genes control cell function |
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Term
Prokaryote (Bacteria)
Membranous Organelles
Composition
Function |
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Definition
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Term
Prokaryote (Bacteria)
Cell Division
Composition
Function |
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Definition
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Term
| Physical Growth Requirements |
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Definition
1. Temp
2. Oxygen
3. Chemical and Physical Requirements |
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Term
| 4 Groups of microbes classified by temperature |
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Definition
1. Mesophiles
2. Psychrotrophs
3. Thermophiles
4. Hyperthermophile |
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Term
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Definition
-moderate-temp loving, can grow from 10-48 degrees celcius
ex. human pathogens like body temp (37)
ex. grow in room temp (25) |
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Term
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Definition
can grow from 0-30 degrees celcius
ex bacteria that can spoil food in the refrigerator (5) |
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Term
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Definition
| heat loving, can grow from 40-70 degrees celcius |
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Term
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Definition
hot temperature loving, can grow from 65-110 degrees celcius
ex. Archaea |
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Term
| 5 groups of microbes classified by the amounts of o2 needed |
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Definition
1. Facultate Anaerobes
2. Obligate Aerobes
3. Microaerophiles
4. Obligate Anaerobes
5. Aerotolerant Anaerobes |
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Term
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Definition
Prefer O2 but can survive without it
ex. E. coli |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Don't use O2 but can live with O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 7 Chemical and Physical Requirements of microbes |
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Definition
1. Carbon
2. Nitrogen
3. Sulfur
4. Phosphorus
5. Trace elements
6. Organic Growth Factors
7. pH |
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Term
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Definition
| microbes need to make all kinds of organic molecules to form their cell structures, carbon is used as a source of energy |
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Term
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Definition
needed to make the organic molecules proteins and nucleic acids
ex. most is acquired from protein sources (food)
ex. nitrogen fixing bacteria get it from the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| needed to make amino acids and vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| needed for microbes to make nucleic acids and the bilayer of the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| mineral elements needed in small amounts for making cofactors of enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
essential organic compounds from the environment
ex. vitamins, amino acids, purines and pyrimidines |
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Term
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Definition
| A and G Bases of DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| T, C, U Bases of DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molds and yeasts like acidic 5-6 pH |
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Term
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Definition
nutrients prepared to grow microbes
ex. nutrient agar |
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Term
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Definition
| contains no living microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| microbes introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth |
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Term
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Definition
| microbes growing in or on culture medium |
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Term
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Definition
| contains only one species or strain |
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Term
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Definition
| a visible mass of microbial cells that arose from a single cell, spore, or a group of attached cells |
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Term
Preserving Bacterial Cultures
Short term |
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Definition
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Term
Preserving Bacterial Cultures
Long Term |
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Definition
| Totally stops metabolism for years |
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Term
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Definition
Long term bacterial preservation
-in liquid nitrogen -50 to -95 decrees celcius |
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Term
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Definition
Long term bacterial preservation
-freeze drying dehydrate in a vacuum then freeze -54 to - 72 degrees celcius |
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Term
| 2 ways to obtain pure cultures |
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Definition
1. Pour Plate Method
2. Streak Plate Method |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical composition varies slightly per batch |
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Term
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Definition
| the exact chemical composition is known |
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Term
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Definition
suppress the growth of unwanted microbes and encourage the growth of the desired microbe
ex. sabourand agar has acidic pH5 for fungi
ex Mannitol Salt Agar for Staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
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Definition
make it easier to distinguish colonies of desired microbe
ex. hemolytioc bacteria form halo on Blood agar and EMB agar |
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Term
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Definition
encourage the growth of a desired microbe
ex enrichment broth for staphylococcus |
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Term
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Definition
1.lag phase
2.log phase
3.stationary phase
4.Death phase (log arithmic decline) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Exponential growth, optimum conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| slower growth, new cells are produced at the same rate cells are dying |
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Term
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Definition
| dying cells exceed new cell production |
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Term
Measuring Microbial Growth
4 Direct Methods |
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Definition
Plate count
Most Probable Number (MPN)
Direct Microscopic Count
Filtration |
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Term
Measuring Microbial Growth
3 indirect methods |
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Definition
Turbidity
Metabolic Activity
Dry Weight |
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Term
Plate Count
Advantage
Disadvantage |
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Definition
a common method for estimating the number of bacteria in a sample, assumes that each bacterial cell grows into a single colony
-counts only the number of living cells
-need a lot of materials to perform serial dilutions of a sample
-requires time for incubation
(Direct Method) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Most Probable Number (MPN) |
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Definition
a statistical estimation of bacterial count, this method is used when microbes won't grow on solid media
(Direct) |
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Term
| Liquid differential media |
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Definition
uses lactose for broth for coliforms
for microbes that only grow in liquid |
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Term
Direct Microscopic Count
Advantage
Disadvantage |
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Definition
uses a special slide that can hold a measured volume of bacterial suspension
-a fast way of counting the number of cells
-requires a high concentration of cells in a sample
-does not work if the bacteria are motile
-counts living and dead cells
(direct) |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria are first sieved out onto the surface of a membrane filter then transferred to a culture medium and the CFUs are counted a useful method when the bacterial count is low
(direct) |
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Term
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Definition
measures the level of cloudiness uses a spectrophotometer to measure the amount of light that passes through a suspension of cells
(indirect) |
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Term
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Definition
measures the amount of metabolic products such as acids gas and enzyme production
(indirect) |
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Term
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Definition
used for filamentous organisms (fungi and algae) that can be grown, dried and weighed
(indirect) |
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Term
| 4 groups of organic molecules |
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Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
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Term
| atoms found in carbohydrates |
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Definition
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
2:1 hydrogen to oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
simple sugars
3-7 carbon molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| monosaccharides bonded in dehydration synthesis reaction and can be broken down by hydrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
10s or 100s of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis
-not soluble in water |
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Term
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Definition
fats, triglycerides
contain glycerol and fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
contain phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
-glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains and a phospholipid group |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen and Nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 interconnected Carbon rings |
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