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| sigmoid colon (resembles s) |
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| cavity that receives food for digestion |
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| three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: the parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and sublingual glands |
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| lateral walls of the mouth |
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| fleshy structures surrounding the mouth |
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| structure that forms the roof of the mouth, divided into the hard and soft palate |
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| small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate |
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| muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and held down by a bandlike membrane known as the frenulum |
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| tissue covering the processes of the jaws |
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| hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food |
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| cavity that receives food for digestion |
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| throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and air traveling to the larynx |
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| muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach |
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| saclike organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus |
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| opening from the esophagus to the stomach (sphincter = band) |
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| opening from the stomach into the duodenum |
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| tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach |
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| first portion of the small intestine |
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| second portion of the small intestine |
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| third portion of the small intestine |
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| larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation |
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| first part of the large intestine |
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| wormlike projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help resist infection (vermi = worm) |
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| portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum, identified by direction or shape |
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| portion of colon that extends upward from the cecum |
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| portion of colon that extends across from the ascending colon |
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| portion of colon that extends down from the transverse colon |
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| portion of colon (resembling an S) that terminates at the rectum |
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| distal (end) portion of the large intestine |
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| dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal |
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| opening of the rectum to the outside of the body |
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| waste formed by absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid |
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| evacuation of feces from the rectum |
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| membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity, consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen) |
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| space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum |
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| an extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs |
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| organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion |
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| receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produces in the liver |
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| gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food |
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| ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts |
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| upper lateral regions beneath the ribs |
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| upper middle region below the sternum |
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| lower lateral groin regions |
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| loss of appetite (orexia = appetite) |
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| an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ascos = bag) |
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| frequent loose or liquid stools |
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| infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass (constipo = to press together) |
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| gas in the stomach or intestine (flatus = a blowing) |
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| bad breath (halitus = breath) |
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| red blood in stool (chezo = defecate) |
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| excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood |
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| dark colored, tarry stool caused by old blood |
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| feeling of sick in the stomach |
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| yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice = yellow) |
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| yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice = yellow) |
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| inflammation of the mouth |
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| inflammation of a salivary gland |
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| inflammation of the tongue |
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| a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum (ankyl/o = crooked of stiff) |
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| swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage |
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| inflammation of the esophagus |
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| inflammation of the stomach |
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| inflammation of the parotid gland, also called mumps |
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| inflammation of the parotid gland, also called mumps |
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
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| a backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus |
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| a narrowed condition of the pylorus |
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| peptic ulcer disease (PUD) |
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| a sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastrointestinal system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria (pept/o = to digest) |
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| ulcer located in the stomach |
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| ulcer located in the duodenum |
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| inflammation of stomach and small intestine |
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| inflammation of the small intestine |
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| inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine |
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| inflammation of the colon (large intestine) |
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| chronic inflammation of the colon along with ulcerations |
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| a backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus |
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| a sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastrointestinal system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria (pept/o = to digest) |
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| an abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract usually related to lack of dietary fiber |
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| presence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the bowel |
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| inflammation of diverticula |
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| inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, bloody stools, most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (e.g., amebic dysentery) |
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| inflammation of the appendix |
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| protrusion of a part from its normal location |
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| protrusion of part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm |
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| protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region |
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| hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction |
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| hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous |
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| protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel) |
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| prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus = within; suscipiens = to take up) |
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| twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (volvo = to roll) |
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| multiple polyps in the intestine and rectum with a high potential for becoming malignant |
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| inflammation of the rectum and anus |
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| an abnormal tubelike passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula = pipe) |
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| swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois = a vein likely to bleed) |
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| inflammation of the peritoneum |
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| inflammation of the liver |
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| infectious inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water |
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| inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids |
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| inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), transmitted by exposure to infected blood (rarely contracted sexually) |
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| chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho = yellow) |
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| inflammation of the bile ducts |
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| inflammation of the gallbladder |
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| presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts |
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| presence of stones in the common bile duct |
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| inflammation of the pancreas |
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| removal and microscopic study of tissue |
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| removal of a portion of a lesion for pathologic examination |
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| removal of an entire lesion for pathologic examination |
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| examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or treatment; used in the gastrointestinal tract to detect abnormalities and perform procedures such as biopsy, excision of lesions, dilations of narrowed areas, and removal of swallowed objects |
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| examination of the esophagus with an esophagoscope |
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| examination of the stomach with a gastroscope |
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| upper gastrointestinal endoscopy |
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| examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope; also called esophagogastroduodenscopy (EGD) or panendoscopy |
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| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) |
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| endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas (biliary ducts) |
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| examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope, often including interventional surgical procedures |
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| examination of the peritoneal cavity with a peritoneoscope, often performed to examine the liver and obtain a biopsy specimen |
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| examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope |
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| examination of the sigmoid colon with rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope |
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| examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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| nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the gastrointestinal tract |
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| x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract |
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| x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the patient has swallowed a contrast medium (barium is most commonly used) |
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| x-ray of the esophagus only, often used to locate swallowed objects |
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| x-ray using a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion (such as during a barium swallow) |
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| x-ray examination of the small intestine, generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series |
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| computed tomography (CT) of abdomen |
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| cross-sectional x-ray of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract |
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| x-ray of the bile ducts, often performed during surgery |
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| x-ray of the gallbladder taken after oral ingestion of iodine |
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| ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures (e.g., liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, aorta) |
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| an endoscopic procedure using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to examine a body cavity and make sonographic images of structures and tissues |
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| stool culture and sensitivity (C&S) |
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| isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to identify disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they area sensitive are listed |
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| a chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleedings in the GI tract |
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| x-ray of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium |
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| x-ray of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium |
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| partial or complete removal of the stomach |
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| partial removal and repair of the stomach |
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| formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of a gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine (also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer) |
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| puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid; e.g., fluid accumulated in ascites |
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| incision into the abdomen |
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| abdominal surgery using a laparoscope |
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| creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions |
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| union of two hollow vessels, a technique of bowel surgery |
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| surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges, performed after removal of the colon such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis |
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| excision of a diseased appendix |
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| removal of the appendix during abdominal surgery for another procedure (e.g., a hysterectomy) |
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| repair of the anus and rectum |
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| excision of an anal fistula |
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| excision of a lobe of the liver |
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| excision of the gallbladder |
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| laparoscopic cholecystectomy |
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| excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope |
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| an incision for removal of gallstones |
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| incision of the common bile duct for extraction of gallstones |
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| oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and treatment such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or monitor bleeding (lavage = to wash) |
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| nasogastric (NG) intubation |
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| insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis |
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| drug that neutralizes stomach acid |
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| drug that prevents or stops vomiting |
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| drug that decreases motility in gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea |
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| drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative |
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