Term
| Neural reflexes involve what system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All nerves in the GI tract, submucosal and myenteric plexus use... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerves outside the GI tract use... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases stomach acid and motility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases enzyme release from pancreas, and gall bladder contraction (bile release). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases bicarbonate release from pancreas. |
|
|
Term
| Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)... |
|
Definition
| inhibits stomach acid release and boosts insulin release. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper esophageal, lower esophageal, pyloric, external anal, internal anal, ileocecal, Sphincter of Oddi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid waves of contraction; propels food from esophagus to rectum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixing action (both directions); slows down movement of food and gradually moves things down. |
|
|
Term
| Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) is... |
|
Definition
| slow wave potentials (spontaneous electrical activity). |
|
|
Term
| BERs are brought closer to threshold by... |
|
Definition
| parasympathetics and more contraction. |
|
|
Term
| BERs moved away from threshold by... |
|
Definition
| sympathetics and less contraction. |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC)... |
|
Definition
| pacemaker cells that initiate slow waves; impulses spread through gap junctions. |
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle relaxes downstream using what transmitters? |
|
Definition
| VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), and nitric oxide. |
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle relaxes upstream using what transmitters? |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine, substance P. |
|
|
Term
| Upstream contraction is inhibited by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Migrating Motility Conplexes (MMCs) are... |
|
Definition
| waves of peristaltic contractile activity, occuring between meals. |
|
|
Term
| The function of MMCs is... |
|
Definition
| to clear the intestines of food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drive feces to distal colon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases colon motility when food is in the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| The gastroclic reflex is signaled by... |
|
Definition
| gastrin and parasympathetics. |
|
|
Term
| Receptive relaxation is... |
|
Definition
| stomach stretches without increasing tension. |
|
|
Term
| Pacemaker cells are found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs when the pyloric sphincter is tonically contracted? |
|
Definition
| retropulsion (food pushed back into corpus). |
|
|
Term
| GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease; heartburn) is caused by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something indigestible by the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| Gastric emptying is promoted by what? |
|
Definition
| gastric distension and fluidity of chyme. |
|
|
Term
| The gastric phase is signaled by what? |
|
Definition
| gastrin and the vagus nerve (parasympathetic). |
|
|
Term
| Gastric motility is inhibited by what? |
|
Definition
| intestinal distension, fat, acid, and hypertonicity. |
|
|
Term
| What is dumping syndrome? |
|
Definition
| rapid movement of high-osmolarity chyme out of the stomach, leading to increased fluid secretion and decreaed blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| The duodenal phase is signaled by what? |
|
Definition
| autonomic nerves (short and long), and entergastrones (secretin, CCK, GIP). |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of entergastrones? |
|
Definition
| slow stomach emptying or acid production. |
|
|
Term
| Stress and fear do what to gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
| decrease due to sympathetic inhibition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffuse across the epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| Water-soluble molecules require what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does water move between cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main source of digestive enzymes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can pancreatitis produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surface area is increased by what? |
|
Definition
| folds, villi, and microvilli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gluten (wheat) allergy affecting the upper intestine (decreases surface area). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation in the lower small intestine (decreases surface area). |
|
|
Term
| Where are new enterocytes formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of an average enterocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enterocyte replacement is inhibited by what? |
|
Definition
| radiation and chemotherapy. |
|
|
Term
| Increased acid can cause what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates must be absorbed as what? |
|
Definition
| monosaccharides (glucose (dextrose), galactose and fructose). |
|
|
Term
| Disaccharides include what? |
|
Definition
| maltose, actose and sucrose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starch makes up what percentage of dietary carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amylose and amylopectin are both what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amylase is released from what? |
|
Definition
| salivary glands and the pancreas. |
|
|
Term
| What is the funciton of amylase? |
|
Definition
| breaks down starch and produces maltose, maltriose and alpha-limit dextrin. |
|
|
Term
| Where are brush border enzymes located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starches broken down into side chains that can't be broken down further. |
|
|
Term
| Isomaltae breaks down alpha-limit dextrin to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lactase deficiency is characterized by what? |
|
Definition
| osmotic diarrhea due to undigested lactose reaching the colon. |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial digestion of lactose produces what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose and galactose enter the enterocyte by... |
|
Definition
| Na+/glucose co-transporters (SGLTs). |
|
|
Term
| The driving force of monosaccharide transport is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose uptake stimulates... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fructose doesn't require what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before absorption, proteins must be broken down into what? |
|
Definition
| amino acids, and di/tripeptides. |
|
|
Term
| Proteases cut through what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peptidases cut through what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition does pepsin require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pepsin release is stimulated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pepsin is released from where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pepsin is secreted as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pepsin is hydrolyzed by what? |
|
Definition
| acid to form active pepsin. |
|
|
Term
| Trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase are released from where? |
|
Definition
| the pancreas by CCK and vagal nerve. |
|
|
Term
| Trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase are secreted as what? |
|
Definition
| trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and proelastase. |
|
|
Term
| Trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase are converted to their active form by what? |
|
Definition
| enteropeptidases (brush border enzymes). |
|
|
Term
| Aminopeptidases are located where? |
|
Definition
| brush border and intracellular. |
|
|
Term
| What is the funciton of aminopeptidases? |
|
Definition
| cut single amino acids from ends of peptides. |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids transporters are located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The driving force of amino acid transport is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peptide transporters are located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Di/tripeptides are co-transported with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triglycerides and cholesterol. |
|
|
Term
| Fats are emulsified by bile salts/acids to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile acids are formed where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile acids are made form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bile acids conjugated with taurine or glycine. |
|
|
Term
| Bile salts are more what than bile acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pigment formed in the liver from hemoglobin breakdown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excess bile pigments in plasma. |
|
|
Term
| Jaundice can be caused by what? |
|
Definition
| bile duct bloackage (cholestasis). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gall bladder contraction is stimulated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipase is released from where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipase release is triggered by CCK in response to what? |
|
Definition
| fat or protein in the intestines. |
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides are digested into what? |
|
Definition
| fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides. |
|
|
Term
| Fat is absorbed through... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons are formed by... |
|
Definition
| adding apolipoproteins to reformed triglycerides. |
|
|
Term
| Fat exits the cell by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is fat transported into? |
|
Definition
| lacteals (lymphatic vessels). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile salts are only absorbed in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malabsorption (Crohn's disease) causes what? |
|
Definition
| colonic irritation and fluid secretion (diarrhea). |
|
|
Term
| Water-soluble vitamins are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by what? |
|
Definition
| transporters (small intestine). |
|
|
Term
| B12 (cyanocobolamin) is absorbed from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B12 absorption requires what? |
|
Definition
| intrinsic factor from parietal cells. |
|
|
Term
| Dietary sources of B12 include... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
| lack of intrinsic factor; B12 deficiency. |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
| impairs RB formation and nerve health. |
|
|
Term
| Fat soluble enzymes (A,D,E and K) are absorbed by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of gastric acid? |
|
Definition
| activates pepsinogen, breaks down connective tissue in diet, and kills micro organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What organism is resistant to gastric acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H. pylori survives by making what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The survival of H. pylori causes what? |
|
Definition
| peptic ulcers caused by inflammation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H+ is formed from H2O+CO2 using what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H+ is pumped into the lumen by what? |
|
Definition
| H+/K+-ATPase (proton pump). |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine is released by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimuli for acetylcholine release include what? |
|
Definition
| sight and smell of food (central), and protein in the stomach (local). |
|
|
Term
| Histamine is an intermediary released by what? |
|
Definition
| enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. |
|
|
Term
| Stimuli for histamine release include what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrin is released by what? |
|
Definition
| G cells in the gastic antrum. |
|
|
Term
| Stimuli for gastrin release include what? |
|
Definition
| protein, distension, and ACh. |
|
|
Term
| Hormone inhibitors are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretin (stimulus: acid), GIP & CCK (stimuli: fatty acids, peptides). |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of tight junctions? |
|
Definition
| make mucosa impermeable to H+. |
|
|
Term
| Mucus is secreted by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bicarbonate is secreted by what? |
|
Definition
| surface and epithelial cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the actions of prostaglandins? |
|
Definition
| decrease acid secretion, stimulate fluid secretion and enhance cytoprotective properties (cell protection). |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandins are inhibited by what? |
|
Definition
| asprin and NSAIDs (advil, motrin, etc.). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic enzymes are secreted from what? |
|
Definition
| acinar cells, stimulated by CCK. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of pancreatic bicarbonate secretion? |
|
Definition
| neutralizes stomach acid. |
|
|
Term
| Bicarbonate is secreted from what? |
|
Definition
| duct cells, stimulated by secretin. |
|
|
Term
| H+ and HCO3- are formed by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H+ is pumped out on the basolateral side by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chloride is secreted into the lumen by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A Cystic Fibrosis defect causes: |
|
Definition
| reduced fluid secretion, and more mucus formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium enters the enteroctye with what? |
|
Definition
| glucose, amino acids and H+. |
|
|
Term
| A Na+/K+/2Cl- carrier is used in secretion on what side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The role of cAMP is to... |
|
Definition
|
|
