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| particles bombarding a container wall (think of particles hitting against a cylinder wall) |
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| what is molecular theory? |
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| inside a lattice chain of a solid there is a "static" state, but when heat is added the vibrations and excitement of the molecules increase. as heat is added, solids change statesto liquids and then to gases. |
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| what are Van de Wealts Forces? |
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| the increasing movement and forces of molecules that are related to an increase in heat. |
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a perfect gas-but only in theory. a hypothetical gas. consists of identicle particles of zero volume and no intermolecular forces. +molecules undergo perfectly elastic collisons with walls +molecules are far apart +real gasses do not exibit these exact properties. +this approximation model breaks down at high pressure and low temperatures where intermolecular forces play a greater role related to gas properties. |
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1st ideal gas law. Temperature is constant! pressure is inversely proportional to volume. equation: pV=K or P1V1=P2V2 |
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2nd ideal gas law. Pressure is constant. volume is directly proportional to temperature. equation: V/T= P so V1/T1= V2/T2 |
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| 760 mmhg, 100Kpa, 100,000 p, 14.7 psi |
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| what is Gay Lussac's Law? |
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3rd ideal gas law. volume is constant. pressure is directly proportional to temperature. equation: P/T=K or V so P1/T1 = P2/T2 +MUST USE kELVIN WHEN DOING TEMP GAS EQUATIONS |
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| WHAT IS THE COMBINED GAS LAW? |
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It combines Charles', Boyles, and GayLussac's Laws. Changes in pressure, volume, or temp. can be found mathemtically. It states that the product of a gasses volume and its pressure over temperature is equal to a constant. P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 |
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What is Avogadro's Hypothesis or Law? |
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equal volumes of gases, at the same temp and pressure, contain the same number of particles or molucules. +the ideal gas constant has the same value for all the gases. one mole of gas occupies 22.4 Liters. or molar volume. Avogadro's number= 6.022 x 1023 particles per mole |
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Avogadro's law and the combined gas law make the ideal Gas Law. What is the equation and its components? |
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equation: pv=nRt p=pressure 1 atm= 100Kpa, 100,000 pa or 760 mmhg v=volume 1000L = m3 n=#of moles R=gas constant 0.0821 (L, atm, mol, K) or 8.314472 (m3,pa, K, mol) t=temp in Kelvin (9C= 5F-160) most acurate for monatomic gases. +favored at high temps and low pressures. |
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also called Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. states that the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of each individual component in a gas mixture. It assumes that the gases do not react with each other. |
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Temperature above which a substance cannot be liquefied no matter how much pressure is applied. Especially important for N2O. Critical temperature for Nitrous is 36.5°c . |
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Adiabatic heating and cooling are processes that commonly occur due to a change in the pressure of a gas. �� Adiabatic heating occurs when the pressure of a gas is increased. An example of this is what goes on in a bicycle pump. �� i.e. - bicycle pump to inflate a pneumatic tire the barrel of the pump is found to have heated up as a result of adiabatic heating. �� Adiabatic cooling occurs when the pressure of a gas is decreased, such as when it expands into a larger volume. �� i.e. - when the air is released from a pneumatic tire; the outlet air will be noticeably cooler than the tire, and after all the air has escaped the valve stem will be cold to the touch. |
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What is the Joule Thompson effect? |
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an example of adiabatic cooling. Gas from a high pressure cylinder is allowed to escape into space. As the gas expands, it cools adiabatically. |
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What is a cryoprobe and how does it work? |
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An example of adiabatic coolong and the joule Thompson effect. A small tube is attatched to a pressure source, as the gas escapes, it cools an area rapidly. |
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| What is in Nitrous Oxide Cylinders? |
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| liquid and gas due to the critical temp of N2O. |
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| What happens in Nitrous oxide Cylinders? |
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| pressure is constant in cylinder until the liquid disappears then the pressure decreases linearly as the cylinder empties. |
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| temp drop may cause moderate decrease in pressure in cylinders due to what 2 things? |
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latent heat evaporation (occurs as liquid vapoizes in the atm as it cools)
and Joule thompson effect-cools the cylinder as gas escapes |
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Gas color psi liters oxygen green 2,200 660 nitrous blue 745 1590 air yellow 1900 625 |
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oxygen and nitrous oxide differences when emptying |
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Pressure in the nitrous cylinder is steady until the liquid is gone then drops exponentially. oxygen pressure drops at a steady rate. |
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| At what pressure and amt of liters will all the liquid of nitrous oxide be gone and the pressure drop off linearly? |
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| describe the difference between O2 and N2O when emptying the cylinders? |
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| with O2, the pressure drops as the amt of O2 declines. With N2O, the pressure remains the same until the tank has 400 liters. |
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| what is an exponential function? |
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| a special form of non-linear change encountered in nature. (dependent upon natural process that we see daily) |
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| what is an exponential process? |
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| rate of change of a quantity at any time is proportional to the qua ity at that time. ++as the quantity changes-it effects the rate of change. |
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| exponential function and process equation? |
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y = mx + b
y=vertical axis or volume
m=slope of the lie on the graft
x=horizontal axis or time
b=constant that you can add to the baseline toincrease or decrease. |
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| example of an exponential process. |
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flow is proportional to pressure, and pressure is proportional to volume, therefore flow is proportional to the volume at the time. Q∞P, P∞V, therefore Q∞V |
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| SWhat types of things in anesthesia would apply the washout curve? |
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+basis of dye dilution technique
+thermo dilution technique
+used to measure cardiac output
+measures concentrations of drugs
+nitrogen washout curve |
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| What is the dye washout curve and what does it test? |
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cardiac output=dose of dye injected/area under the curve.
concentration of dye=vertical axis
time=horizontal axis
the concentration peaks, then goes down and peaks again. presumably because the dye does not clear the blood stream in one cycle. (big hill, then little hill) |
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| What two alternativemethods developed to track the exponential process? |
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| half life and time constant |
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| What is half life and what is it useful for? |
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time it takes the quantity to reach 50%.
useful in radioactvity measurements. |
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| What is the time constant and what is it used for? |
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| time it takes for the process to end assuming the first rate of change continues. The processis linear;where the linear line is and come back up to the curve-this is where pt has one time constant. Tau |
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| equation for time constant? |
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time constant x 0.693 = half life
69% of drug cleared |
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| What is the time constant for the lungs and the equation? |
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| time constant = C x R (C is compliance and R is resistance) Compliance should remain the constant. |
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| time constant formula for a washout curve? |
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| T (time constant) = volume undergoing washout/flow of perfusing fluid |
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exponential formula for the lung? |
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when K = 2.718 it is given the symbol é Vt=Vo (2.718) -t/cr or Voe -t/cr |
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| Positive exponential processes. |
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positive exponential-ie bacterial growth upwards slope build up exponential-looks like a hill
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| the ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent. a saturated solution is when the maximum amt of solute has been dissolved. |
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| at a particular temp the amt of a given gas dissolves in a given liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid. |
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| Henry's law applied to scuba divers. |
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-at depth the body absorbs nitrogen
-ascend too quickly and it comes out of the solution and in the joints and tissues. "THE BENDS"
+++Henry's law only applis for constant temperatures. |
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| The solubility of a gas is dependent upon what? |
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temperature, gas, liquuid, and partial pressure.
Understand that different gases dissolve differently and different liquids can effect the how a gas dissolves. |
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| What are the two solubility coefficients? |
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| Bunsen solubility coeffiecient (not r/t anesthesia) and oswald solubility- it is the V of a gas which dissolves in 1 unit of liquid at the temp concerned. (PRESSURE INDEPENDENT!) |
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| When temp increases gases dissolve ________? |
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| compare solubility of N2 and Nitrous at same pressure and temp? |
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N2 dissolves at the rate of 0.014L,
N2O dissolves at the rate of O.39L |
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| What are partial coefficients? |
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the ratio of the amt of substance present in one phase compared with another, the two phases being of equal volume and equilibrium.
+temp and phase must be specified
+applied to 2 liquids |
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| Solubility and uptake of anesthetics |
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| ether is more soluble in blood (12) than nitrous (.47) or halothane (2.3) |
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| How do gases that are soluble in blood effect anesthesia? |
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| gases that are more soluble in blood are less effective in anesthesia, insoluble gases have their effect on the brain more quickly. |
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| the second gas makes the gradient steeper which helps for absorption of other gas during inspiration, but during expiration the gas comes outmore quickly than oxygen and the gradient can cause hypoxemia. |
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| Oil solubility and anesthetic potency. |
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Fat(neurons/brain) is analogous to oil.
Oil Gas partition coefficient means more soluble=more potent. |
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application of Henry's Law. |
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When PaO2 is 300mmHg, how much is dissoled in the blood? |
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| Diffusion definition and example. |
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-process by which the molecules of a substance transfer through a layer or area such as the surface of a solution.
-lungs diffuse anesthetic gases
-drugs diffuse in liquids ie:spinals |
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| factors that effect diffusion? |
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| molecular size, tension gradient, membrane thickness and area, +concentration gradient effects rate of diffusion |
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rate of diffusion of a substance across a unit area is proportional to the concentration gradient. ↑ gradient = ↑ rate of diffusion |
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| rate of diffusion affected by |
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| concentration gradient and solubility of a gas ie:diffusing into a liquid |
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| rates of diffusion of gas are different. compare O2 and CO2. |
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| more likely to become hypoxemic than hypercarbic. |
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| diffusion rate = reciprocal of the square root of the molecular weight. |
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diffusion equation= proportional to tension gradient proportional to solubility inversly proportional to membrane thickness inversely proportional to the √molecular wt. proportional to membrane area liquids diffuse less rapidly than gases
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Diffusion= (P1-P2)(area)(solubility) (Membrane thickness)(√molecular weight) |
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| occurs with a semi-permeable membrane and 2 liquids. larger molecules unable to diffuse through membrane, but smaller molecules go through membrane due to gradient, so that side of the membrane has more pressure, which is called osmotic pressure. |
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| osmotic pressure related to proteins |
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| components of normal saline |
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Na+, K+, Ca+, lactate, Cl-; total osmolarity=278 mmol/liter
body osmolarity=300 mmol/liter
therefore almost isotonic solution which has little oncotic pressure. |
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| increased hydrostatic pressure= |
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| increased oncotic pressure= |
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| edema because there is no oncotic pressure to drive fluid back into the veins. |
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| principle of operation for capillaries. |
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-interstitial fluid has no proteins!
-plasma has proteins
-capillaries act as semi-permiable membranes(filters proteins)
-difference in osmolar gradient called oncotic pressure |
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osmotic pressure
freezing point depression
vapor pressure reduction
boiling point evaluation |
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a mixture which vaporizes in the same proportion as its constituent volume proportions ie: alcohol 96% & H2O 4% always evaporate at same rate.
(application of Raoult's law) |
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