Arm swing - 12 months

Absent reciprocal arm swing (high guard position)

Arm Swing - 24 months

Emergence of reciprocal arm swing

Arm Swing - 36 months

Full recirpocal arm swing

Base of Support - 12 months

- Persistant hip abduction throughout stance & swing phases

- Wide base of support (= 6 in)

Base of support - 24 to 36 months

Base of support continues to decrease.

Step Length - 12 months

- Short step length (avg = 20 cm)

Step Length - 24 months

- Rapidly increasing through this age

Step Length - 36 months

Steadily increasing from this age

Single-leg support: 12 months

- Lowest duration

- 32% of gait cycle

Single-Leg Stance: 24 months

- Increasing duration

- 35% of gait cycle

Single-leg stance: 36 months

- Increasing duration

- 37% of gait cycle

- Cadence: 12 months

- High rate & variability

- 180 steps/min

Cadence: 24 to 36 months

- Rate is decreasing with age

Velocity: 12 months

Average = 60 cm/sec

Velocity: 24 months

- Average = 85 cm/sec

Velocity: 36 months

- Average = 105 cm/sec

Pelvis kinematics: 12 months

 - Hip-hiking on swing side

NOTE: Occurs secondary to lack of dissociation of lower limb joints

- Pelvis kinematics: 24 months

- Emergance of counter-rotation between hips & shoulders

Pelvis kinematics: 36 months

- Adult-like rotation

- Hip kinematics: 12 months

- Joint in constant flexion

- Hip kinematics: 24 months

- Joint in reduced but constant flexion

- Hip Kinematics: 36 months

- Joint afforded full flexion/extension ROM

- Adult-like rotation

- Femur action: 12 months

Femur - lateral rotation

immediately following...

Tibia - lateral rotation (20 deg of toe-out)

- Femur action: 24 months

- Femur = lateral rotation

- Tibia = lateral rotation (10 deg of toe-out)

- Femor action: 36 months

- Adult-like rotation

- Knee action: 12 months

- Knee flexed

- Knee action: 24 months

- Knee flexion/extension pattern emerges

- Knee action: 36 months

- Knee exhibits adult-like motion

- Ankle motion: 12 months

- Exaggerated dorsiflexion (secondary to lack of knee extension strength)

- Plantar flexion at initial contact followed by dorsiflexion with weight acception

NOTE: exhibits "foot drop-like" action because of DF/PF

- Ankle motion: 24 months

- Heel strike emerges

- ankle motion: 36 months

- Heel strike in adult-like pattern