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| come to a reasonable conclusion based on evidence found in the text; make an educated guess |
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| the author tells the reader exactly what the reader needs to know (opposite of implicit/implied) |
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| the series of events that form a story in a specific order |
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| In most stories there is a conflict or problem-- the resolution is the solution to the problem or end of the main dramatic conflict. |
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the use of the same sound to start several words in a row
(the beautiful butterfly flew by the bay) |
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| the perspective from which a story is told |
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| 3rd Person Omniscient Point of View |
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| An all knowing narrator-- knows the thoughts, feelings, and actions of every character |
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Comparing is analyzing two things such as characters or stories in relation to each other
Contrasting is specifically analyzing the differences between two things such as two different characters or stories. |
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A genre is a category of passages, such as fiction and nonfiction. Each genre
has a particular style, form, and content. |
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| A summary is an overview of a text that captures the main points but does not give all of the details and does not include opinions. |
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How ideas influence individuals or events or how individuals influence
ideas or events. As one analyzes the interactions in a text, they give insight into the meaning. |
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A meaning beyond the explicit meaning of a word.
For example, the word "childlike" connotes innocence as well. Connotations are meanings inferred
from certain words. |
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The way in which a piece of writing is structured. Each sentence, paragraph, or chapter fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the
development of ideas.
Organizational structures can include chronological order, sequential order, cause and effect, problem and solution, compare and contrast, order of importance, spatial order, etc |
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| The author’s intention for his or her piece. All passages have a purpose, whether it is to persuade, inform, explain, or entertain. |
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| The opinion of the author. Your opinion may differ from the opinion of the author writing a passage. |
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Something that proves or demonstrates the truth of something else.
For example, informational texts may contain evidence to prove that the information they are providing is correct |
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A fact is a statement that can be proven. An opinion is a statement
that cannot be proven because it states a writer’s belief or judgment about something.
If you are unsure, always ask yourself, "Can you prove it?" |
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| The order in which a series of events happened (beginning to end) |
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This is a relationship where one thing causes another thing to
happen.
A passage may also be organized by stating the problem and solution as
well. |
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| Informational/ Explanatory Texts |
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| forms of writing that inform the reader or explain something. |
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The beginning of a piece of writing. The introduction should let readers
know what they will be reading about and set up the main idea of the writing. |
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A word, phrase, or clause that links one idea to the next.
Examples include words such as “another,” “for example,” “also,” and ”because.” ( |
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The end of a piece of writing is the conclusion. The conclusion should sum
up the main idea of the writing and provide an overall message for the reader. |
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The way in which a piece of writing is organized. For example, a writer can
use headings and subheadings to organize the writing and present the information in a
clear way. |
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A variety of mediums. Writing does not only include pen to paper or
a typed essay. Other ways of enhancing writing can include mediums such as art,
presentations, photographs, charts, videos, and more. |
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The steps in the writing process are prewriting, drafting,
revising and editing, proofreading, and publishing. |
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Ideas and opinions set forth by the author.
For example, a writer could make the
claim that the school cafeteria food is too expensive. |
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| The reasons given to support a writer’s claims. |
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| The ways in which ideas are connected. |
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The writer’s intention for his or her piece.
All writing has a purpose, whether it
is to persuade, inform, argue, explain, entertain, etc. |
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| The people who will be reading the piece of writing. |
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| The process of editing and rewriting a piece of writing. |
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A word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies/describes.
For example, I found a gold woman’s necklace on the
sidewalk. In this sentence, gold is a misplaced modifier. This sentence makes it sound like the woman, instead of the necklace, was gold. |
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A phrase or clause that is not clearly and logically related to the
word or words it modifies.
For example, Fixed last night, Abby could use her car. In this
sentence, Fixed last night is a dangling modifier. The sentence makes it sound like
Abby, instead of her car, was fixed last night. |
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Writing marks that help to separate and clarify ideas.
Examples of
punctuation are the period, comma, colon, exclamation mark, and question mark. |
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Adjectives that appear in a sequence to modify the same noun.
For example, it was a bright, sunny day. Coordinate adjectives usually need a comma to
separate them. |
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| Using a phrase or word that repeats something else and is unnecessary. |
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Words and phrases that surround another phrase and help to explain its
meaning. Sometimes a word cannot be understood without the context of the words
and phrases around it. |
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The foundation of a word. Knowing the meaning of the root can help a reader
determine the meaning of its variations. |
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An indirect reference to something. When a writer refers to something without
mentioning it explicitly, it is an allusion.
For example, He didn’t want to give gifts to
anyone at Christmas; he was being a scrooge. In this sentence, the writer is alluding to
Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol. |
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When a writer describes an object as if it were a person.
For example, The trees sighed in the afternoon breeze. The trees can't really sigh but seemed to as they blew gently in the breeze.) |
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| A comparison using like or as. For example, She is as pretty as a picture |
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A direct comparison that states one thing is another. It isn’t meant to be literal, but descriptive. For example, He is an animal on the soccer field does not
mean that the boy is really an animal, but it is a metaphor for how he plays soccer
(very aggressively). |
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A comparison of two things that are somehow alike.
For example, Just like soldiers use weapons, writers use pens. This analogy compares pens to weapons.
Analogies can employ both similes and metaphors |
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| the exact definition of a word-- not implied |
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| Indirect Characterization |
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| character traits you can infer about a character based on their speech, thoughts, emotions, actions, and looks |
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