Term
| Wildlife Fishery management |
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Definition
| application of ecological knowledge to manage populations of animals and thie plant and animal associations |
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Term
| A wildlife System or Fishery is broken into 3 parts |
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Definition
1. Biota(single or multiple taxa)
2. Habitat
3. Human user |
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Term
| Three management approaches |
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Definition
1.Preservation
2. Direct manipulation
3. Indirect Manipulation |
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Term
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Definition
(1600-1850)
1. Creation of marked for game
2. First Local wildlife regulations
3.Massachusetts Bay Colony, bounty on
wolves
4. Newport, first closed deer season
5. New York first unpland game bird
season
6. Start of Decline (Great Auk,
Stellers Sea Cow) |
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Term
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Definition
1850-1900
Lack of laws led to overexploitation along with guns and railway
Extinction of many species
Beginning of legislation and protection
1. First game wardens: Maine
2. First hunting license: NY
3. First National Park: Yellowstone
4. First bag limit: Iowa
This was the start of sport hunting and fishing |
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Term
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Definition
1900-1929
1.Most agencies formed
2. Restrictions, bounties, refuges,
artificial stocking
Gifford Pinchot: conservation
National legislation
1. Lacy act: not game across state
line no introductionof exotic
species
2 Migratory Bird Treaty act: canada US
3. Migratory bird conservation act:
wildlife refuges for birds. |
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Term
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Definition
1930-1965
1.simple protection failed
2. Aldo Leopold father of wildlife
management
3. wildlife research and education
4. Cooperative wildlife research
program
5. Incresed legislation and funding
6. Migratory bird hunting stamp act
7. Federal aid in wildlife restoration
act
tax on guns, amunition, archery
8. Funding for selection restoration
rehab and improvement of habitat
and research
7. Cost share program with states 25%
8. Federal aid in sport fishing act:
same tax on sport fishing stuff
9. Multiple use act: manage forests
for other resources
10-Wilderness act: wilderness
preservation |
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Term
| Era of Environmental Awarness |
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Definition
1965-Now
1. Social value changes
2. Citizen involvement
3. 1969-NEPA (enviro impact statment)
4. EPA, ESA, CWA, CAA, First earth
day, Conservation and Restoration
act CARA:failed |
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Term
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Definition
Long scinerio
Different opinions on options
Solutions require both managment of people and of wildlife |
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Term
| Why are the White Geese overpopulated? |
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Definition
| Habitat changes, migration refuges, reduced hunting |
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Term
| Consequence of goose over pop |
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Definition
Reduction in clutch size
Smaller goslings 16%
Smaller adults 15%
Survival of young decreased
increase parasite
Movement away from exploited areas |
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Term
| Impact of over pop geese on ecosystem |
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Definition
Tidal Marshes: over grazing
Incresed evaporation from ground creating hypersaline conditions
desertification
LaPerouse Bay 70% of area damamaged or destroyed
Hudson Bay
Damage influences other species in ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
Attempting to get plants to grow and restablish
Puccinellia and carex |
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Term
| Resolution of goose problem |
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Definition
reduce adult population
Solutions? Many
Implementation of solutions must change treaties, and societal values for methods posed |
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Term
| Policies for the snow geese |
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Definition
Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1918: Agreement US, Canada, Mexico to restrict hunting before March 10
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 1969: Mandating Environmental Impact Statments required to justify activities |
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Term
| Willamette Valley Specifics |
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Definition
1960: refuges created for birds
1970: Taverners increased pop; wester birds pop increse
80-90's closed hunting on Cacklers and Duskys
Chang distripution of cacklers, Dusky recruitment low, goose depredation became an issue
Now a 10% increase 250000-300000 birds |
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Term
| Type of economic values of wildlife |
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Definition
Direct: fishing, hunting etc
Indirect: Hotel, cameras etc |
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Term
| Direct method of measuring revenue |
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Definition
| Slaes of licenses, fishing boats etc |
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Term
| Indirect evaluation of economic contribution |
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Definition
Travel cost method: asssigns value based on how much money is spent in travel
Contingent Valuation Method: outlines hypothetical change to respondent; ask how much they would pay to avoid stated change |
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Term
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Definition
Included in Environ impact statment
Propose different development scenarios and assesses impacts of each
Gains: Power generation etc
Cost: number of salmon lost , timber, water quality etc |
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Term
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Definition
Calculate Habitat units
calculated using Habitat evaluation procedure
Multiply acres lost by their value to species of concern
Habitat Suitability index 0-1 of importnants
HU lost = # of acres * HSI
Mitigation must replace HU's |
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Term
| Privatization of wildlife |
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Definition
game ranching
selling hunting access on private prperty
guided hunts and fishing trips |
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Term
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Definition
Qualitiesof a thing that make it more of a thing that make it more
or less desirable, useful, or important. |
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Term
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Definition
Pos: bauty, recreation, ecosystem health, use for humans, comercial, research
Neg: livestoc depredation, crop damage and disease |
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Term
| Personal values come from many sources and reflect personal philosophy and behavior toward conservation |
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Definition
| Beliefs, values, parens, peers, religion, education, past expierence and attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| primary interest and affection for wildlife and the outdoors |
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Term
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Definition
| primary concern for environment as a system for interrelations between wildlife and ntural habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| primary interest and strong affection fro individual animals principally pets |
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Term
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Definition
| concern for the right and wrong treatment of animasls with strong opposition to expolitation or cruelty towards animals |
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Term
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Definition
| interest in the physical attributes and the biological functioning of animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| primary interest in the artstic and symbolic characteristic of animals |
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Term
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Definition
| concern for the practical and material value of animals for the andimals habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| interest in the mastery and controld of animals typically in sporting situations |
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Term
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Definition
| primary orientation is an active avoidance of animals due to indifference dislike or fear |
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Term
| Romantic Trancendental Preservation ethic |
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Definition
natural resources are expression of Gods devine power,m exploitation for profit not allowed
Founders: emerson, thoreau, muir
Preach preservation |
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Term
| Progressive Utilitarian Conservation ethic |
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Definition
use of natural resources for the greats good of the greatest number for the lonhgest time
Founder: Gifford Pinchot
Principle of equity and efficiency |
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Term
| Progressive Utilitarian Conservation ethic |
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Definition
use of natural resources for the greats good of the greatest number for the lonhgest time
Founder: Gifford Pinchot
Principle of equity and efficiency |
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Term
| Evolutiaonary Ecological Land Ethic |
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Definition
natural resouces are an integrated system of complex process
Founder: Aldo Leopold
The first rule of intellegent thinkering is retaining all the pieces |
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Term
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Definition
Belief that animals have inherent rights much like people Use of animals for any reason indefensible
A. Modern anti hunting movement from bambi
Social precursors to movemeth: Urban disconnect, popularized view on tv; antthropomorphism |
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Term
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Definition
Land ethic permits and encourages intervention in systems too prvent probmems and maitnain ecosystem integrity
Animal rights: integrity of ecosystem and animal pop is secondary to the rights of the animal |
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Term
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Definition
1-2 million waterfowl
One of the largest concentration of wintering bald egles in the states
major breeding ground
one of the last 2 pelican nesting colonies in california
25 species endangered, thredtend |
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Term
| Klamath Basin Refuge Habitats |
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Definition
Permanently flooded wetland
Fall seasonal wetland
Spring seasonal wetland
Uplands
Agricultrual habitats |
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Term
| 1905 marked the Klamath Project |
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Definition
| Irrigation project that would connect Upper Klamath lake, clear lake and Gerber Reservoir |
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Term
| Lower Klamath National Wildlife refuge 1908 |
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Definition
Nations 2nd NWR
Reclamation and irrigation primary purpose |
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Term
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Definition
Kuchel Act
Changed dedication of lands to wildlife conservation
still with consideration of agricultrue
proper waterfowl management |
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Term
| Importent Events in the Klamath basin |
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Definition
2 sucker species endangered
Drought of 92 and 94
Increased awarness of tribal trust responsibilities
listing of coho salmon in the Klamath river |
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Term
| 1995 klamath basin changing prioroties |
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Definition
endangered and threatend species
tribal trust
agriculture
national wildlife refuge |
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Term
| 2001 where did the water go in the klamath? |
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Definition
all water to river lake and ESA
water denied to agriculture and refuge
national research council eval of Bilogical opinion |
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Term
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Definition
irrigaiotn sshut off was unwarranted
no indication that project in 1990 jepardized fish
resulted in ew project planning that restored river flows and lake levels |
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Term
| Solution to recover fish in the klamath basin |
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Definition
reduce water demand
increased storage
improve quality of existing area
legliation solution likely |
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Term
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Definition
| change in gentic compolistion in a population over time |
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Term
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Definition
1. Genetic drift: change in allelic frequancy due to sampling error
2. Founder effect
3. Inbreeding
4. Hybridization
6. Natural selection: directional |
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Term
| 4 Condutions that need to be met for natural selection |
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Definition
1. Organisms must vary in phenotype
2. Phenotype is heritable
3. More young are produced than survive to reproduce
4. Individuals with some genes are mor likely to survive and reproduce than others. |
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Term
| Natural selection acts on the individual |
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Definition
| Evolution happens toa population |
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Term
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Definition
| one morph prefferred over the other this tends to move the curve to the center |
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Term
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Definition
| population driven to another form moves the curve one direction or the other |
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Term
| Diversifying or disrupive selection |
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Definition
| more than one morph can be favored like salmon: curve moves both ways away from center |
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Term
| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
| group of interbreeding individuals that are reproductivly isolated from other such groups |
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Term
| Reproductive isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
1. different courtship behavior
2. anatomical
3. characters that signal species identity
4. viablity of offspring |
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Term
| Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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Definition
| readily distinguishable population sharing a common ancestor |
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Term
| Critics of Species Concepts |
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Definition
BSC: not testable and doesnt emphasize phylogeny
PSC: trivial differences counted as different speceis |
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Term
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Definition
1.Population of one species
2. Single population becomes two allopatric populations
Result: restricted gene flow, pollible genetic drift, difference in local condistions |
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Term
| What causes seperation of a population |
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Definition
Climate:
Geological change
Colonization of discontinious habitat
Continental drift |
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Term
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Definition
natral selection causes evolution
ecological isolation occurs |
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Term
| When species after seperation come together |
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Definition
Parapatric: boundry between two species
Sympatric: living together in the same area but not interbreeding |
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Term
| Why is competition and natural selection a problem with wildlife management |
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Definition
1. genotype determine habitat needs and behaviors in responce to change in ecosystems
2. Adaptation slow compared to change in environment
3. Loss of allele diversity may constrain ability of species to adapth
4. Recreational and comersial hunting and fishing may be an evolutionary force |
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Term
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Definition
common practice in fishery and game management
stock altering may pose problems |
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Term
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Definition
small population at risk
Inbreeding depression = greater homozygosity in population
increased frequancy of lethal allel combinations |
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Term
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Definition
1.Individual
2. Population
3. community
4. Ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| each level above the individual possesses unique properties that can not be deduced from the lower scalee |
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Term
| Range of Ecological tolerance of indivudal |
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Definition
| organism adapted to survive within a range of conditions for each component of environment |
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Term
| three levels of tolerance |
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Definition
1. optimum
2. range to maintain population
3. range that individual can survive but cannot reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| wide range of habitat tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| the place of an organishm in the ecosystem; its role or function in the environment |
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Term
| Two ways to describe a niche |
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Definition
1. fundimental niche
2 Realized niche |
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Term
| Keystone limiting resource |
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Definition
resources that occupy a small area but are crucial to a species community
salt licks, deep pools, tree cavities |
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Term
| Competition within populations |
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Definition
| when two or more organisms attempt to expoloit a limited resource often overlapping niche |
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Term
| Competitve exclusion principle |
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Definition
| no two species can occupy the same nice |
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Term
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Definition
| how animals have evolved to expolit resources as a result of the natural selection processes |
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Term
| Scramble resource competition |
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Definition
each individal uses resources without regard to the other individual
most common in invertbrates like flies on a carcass |
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Term
| Interference competition (conetest) |
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Definition
| individuals actively interfear witht he access of others to a limitied resources |
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Term
| Interference competition demonstraed by two forms of social behavior |
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Definition
territoriality
domininance hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
Linearity : a measure of how constant the heirarch is
littler overt aggression needed to maintain
lessens injuyty to dominants and subordinates |
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Term
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Definition
| One’s perception of reality, fact, or what is true. |
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Term
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Definition
An enduring standard or process which affects
one’s perception of reality and guides choice and
action—e.g., life, beauty, wildness, independence. |
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Term
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Definition
A mental process combining beliefs and values that
guides behavior toward an object, attribute, or
event. It has two components: cognitive (beliefs)
and affective (values |
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Term
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Definition
| the value of ensuring that a wildlife resource is available for some other use in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| based on what we might think something is worth to us) |
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Term
| Bequest or inheritance value – |
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Definition
| the value of knowing that something like a forest or the Bald Eagle will be there for the next generationthe value of knowing that something exists whether or not you will ever visit that thing (like valuing that the Serengeti exists whether or not you ever go there) |
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Term
| Inherent or intrinsic value – |
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Definition
| the value of something based on its fundamental being (not an anthropocentric value |
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