polyurthane topcoat combined with a wood stain

-each coat darkens wood

work from coarse to fine grain, use 2-3 coats for best outlook

more coats=more shine

an evaporative coating

alcohol based

an insect resin from a lac bug

has a natural wax content 2-5 %

can come in matte, semi gloss and glossy

drying process is lenghty b/c of lack of chemical accelerators

types:linseed, tung, danish, antique, and walnut

-all are non toxic

a durable, water resistant and glossy finish

can not be carved

have extraordinary adhesive qualitites when cured

modern commercial lacquers have

-pigments+plasticized liquid

polyurethane helps to make the finish more durable.

-usually appplied with a rag

-dry for 15 mins

-then wipe off

after the veneer is flat

-cut and jointed immediately to prevent from drying out and buckling.

solid wood and engineered boards

-solid wood must be free of knots and stable

-cheap

-adds another process layer in building

-used with a substraite

-come in 1/50",1/46",1/42",1/39",1/36" thicknesses

1. hammer-thinner veneer usage, not for thick
2. press-all joints must be taped up before laying the veneer
3. caul- for thicker veneer-geometry and floral inlay usage, also needs to have all joints taped 

veneer glues and adhesives

(best for use in curved designs)

1. animal glue
2. polyvinyl acetate
3. urea formaldehyde resins
4. contact cement

1. animal glue- don't overheat-stay at 80 degrees

1. polyvinyl acetate-applied on one surface, used in smaller panels typically, must be held under pressure for 1hr.

urea formaldehyde resins-gap filling properties, has a longer pressing time than acetate

two kinds: powder and water(the catalyst)

liquid resin+powder/liquid hardener

avoid where wood meets wood

-used in laying plastic laminates

-both surfaces must be coated

1. apply hot glue
2. place the veneer +reheat glue
3. squeeze out excess glue with a veneer hammer
4. move hammer and work it form center outwards 

5-overlap joint needs to be ready for cutting

6-cut joint with a straight edge

7-remove waste

8-apply glue under veneer before taping

9-use veneer tape to tape the joint 

10-use a cutting gauge to trim veneer

11-reheat glue, then remove waste

12. cut the miter for the crossbanding(any decorative board whose grain is perpendicular to the princple surface)

13. route a channel to taje the stringing

14. done

caul veneering is good for?

-used with what?

• good substrates:ex: plywood, particle board
• used with thicker veneers, marquetry, and parquetry 

• types:
• flush construction
• flush overly construction--cleaner look, creates a shadow line
• reveal overlay construction
• lipped overlay construtction(similar to a traditional face-frame) 

fully tempered glass

(a strengthened glass)

• can't be field cut--any holes or other cuts made after its tempered, the glass will shatter
• cutting and drilling will destroy it
• produced by heating float glass and then cooling it with blowers
• 3-4x more resistant to impact
• available in 1/8"-1" thick
• compressive strength 

fully tempered

heat strengthened

 laminated glass

tinted glass

reflective glass

low emissitive glass

insulating glass

low-iron glass(ultra clear glass)

textured glass

• twice as resistant to breakage as float glass
• made similar to fully tempered glass-but is partially tempered 

• made from

-two or more layers of glasss +an interlayer material=to get a single sheet

• the interlayer helps to block a portion of UV rays, a sound barrier, thickness=1/4"-3/4", when broken the glass remains attached to the interlayer 

• wire mesh/parallel wires rolled into the center of the glass sheet
• patterns of wire range= 1/2"-1"
• used typically in fire rated doors or partition assemblies 

• developed to control solar heat gain and glare
• available in green, bronze, gray, and blue
• thickness of 1/8"-1/2"
• the thicker the glass the greater the solar energy absorption 

• reduces amount of transmitted, absorbed +reflective patterns of light and energy spectrum
• reflective coatings are from metals
• used in interior apps.--shower doors, countertops, wall cladding+furniture 

• used to address energy efficiency
• hard or soft metallic coatings are used
• light transmisson rate is higher 

• a barrier to conductive heat loss
• made by sealing air pockets btwn 2 lights of glass separated by a spacer
• stresses on the seal may cause deterioration of sealant and moisture may appear 

• high clearity and visible light transmittance
• reduction of iron content by 10 %
• thickness 1/8"-3/4"
• can be heat strengthened, tempered, sandblasted, etched, laminated
• used where color rendition is critical--furniture, mirriors 

• common designs: flutes, ribs, grids
• can be color coated, silvered, sandblasted
• only one side is imprinted with a pattern
• patterns on the surface may make tempering impossible