Term
| Candida glabrata, the 2nd leading cause of candidiasis, is rising in prevalence due largely to resistance to what class of anti-fungals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Aspergillus spp. |
|
Definition
| Acute angle branching septate hyphae. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Basidobolus ranarum |
|
Definition
| Poorly septate/infrequently septate |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Blastomyces dermatitidis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Candida sp. |
|
Definition
| Can have pseudoconida AND true hyphae. Oval yeast with narrow necked buds and germ tubes. Exception: C.glabrata has none of these structures and is smaller. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Chromoblastomycosis |
|
Definition
| Muriform cells/sclerotic bodies/Medlar bodies ("copper pennies") inside of macrophage |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Coccidioides immitis and posadasii |
|
Definition
| Barrel-shaped conidia and endospore containing spherules |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Conidiobolus coronatus |
|
Definition
| Poorly septate/infrequently septate |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
Definition
| Encapsulated, narrow-neck budding yeast with melanin pigment on Birdseed agar. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Epidermophyton floccosum |
|
Definition
| Smooth walled macroconidia, NO microconidia |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Eumycotic Mycetoma |
|
Definition
| Splendore-Hoeppli material surrounding bizzare distorted septate hyphae and chlamydoconidia |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
Definition
| Intracellular in macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Hortaea werneckii |
|
Definition
| septate hyphae with enlongated budding cells |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Malassezia furfur |
|
Definition
| spaghetti and meatballs (phialoconidia & hyphae) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Microsporum canis |
|
Definition
| Rough walled macroconidia |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis |
|
Definition
| "Pilots/mariner's wheel." Multipolar narrow-neck budding yeast |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Pneumocystic jirovecii |
|
Definition
| Extracellular and no budding. Trophozoites and cysts with intracystic bodies. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia, Rhizomucor, Saksenaea, Cunninghamella, Syncephalastrum, Apophysomyces spp. and many more. |
|
Definition
| 90 degree pranching aseptate or sparsely septate hyphae |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Rhodotorula spp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Sporothrix schenckii |
|
Definition
| Thermally dimorphic. Narrow septate hyphae with "daisy petal" conidoforms. Asteroid (Splendore-Hoeppli) body surrounds fungus in microscopy. Note: Asteroid body is NON-Specific |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis |
|
Definition
| Fontana-masson stain identifies dematiatious fungi. Individual Genera identified by sporulation mode/morphology |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
|
Definition
| Cigar shaped macroconida, grape-like clusters of microconidia. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic morphology: Trichophyton rubrum |
|
Definition
| Cigar shaped macroconidia, teardrop shaped microconidia. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Basidobolus ranarum |
|
Definition
| Subcutaneous zygomycosis: Large, disc shaped rubbery, localized, and movable subcutaneous masses. Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis: in SW United States |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Candida sp. |
|
Definition
| Candidiasis and Candidemia: Possible thrush, hematogenous dissemination infections --> multiple organ infections, onychomycosis, UTIs, pneumonia, and really just about everything. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Conidiobolus coronatus |
|
Definition
| Subcutaneous zygomycosis: confined to rhinofacial area. Firm, painless, swelling in upper lip and face with dramatic facial deformity. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
Definition
| Cryptococcosis: Begins as pulmonary infection by inhalation then spreads hematogenously in immunodepressed patients. Most common fungal disease of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Epidermophyton floccosum |
|
Definition
| Tinea pedis, Tinea Cruris, onychomycosis |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
Definition
| Histoplasmosis: Conidia convert to yeast and proliferate in macrophages. Flu like symptoms with patchy pulmonary infiltrates, and coin lesions on CXR. Possible dissemination and rapid progression to death with heavy exposure. Low exposures frequently asymptomatic or mild and self resolving. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis |
|
Definition
| Paracoccidiomycosis: 25% of patients only have pulmonary symptoms. Nodular, infiltrative, fibrotic, cavitary lung lesions. Dissemination can lead to single or multifocal organ invovement. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia, Rhizomucor, Saksenaea, Cunninghamella, Syncephalastrum, Apophysomyces spp. and many more. |
|
Definition
| Angioinvasive zygomycosis: Thrombosis, infarction, necrosis of infected organs Rhinocerebral zygomycosis: CNS, lungs, cutaneous |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Aspergillus spp. |
|
Definition
| Invasive Aspergillosis (most common invasive mold infection worldwide), Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Pulmonary aspergiloma: Fungal colony with little to no tissue invasion, may be asymptomatic, Systemic aspergillosis: due to extrapumonary hematogenous dissemination |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Blastomyces dermatitidis |
|
Definition
| Primary pulmonary blastomycosis: Flu-like symptoms. Chronic pulmonary Blastomycosis: may appear like TB or lung cancer as a mass lesion on CXR. Disseminated Blastomycosis: Yeast form escapes macrophage recognition and disseminates hematogenously. 2/3 of patients have skin or bone involvement. Also GI, Liver, spleen, genitourinary and brain involvement are possible |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Blastoschizomyces capitis |
|
Definition
| Severe systemic infection in immunocomprimised patients with hematological malignancies |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Coccidioides immitis and posadasii |
|
Definition
| 60% of people have asymptomatic self-resolving pulmonary infection that bestows immunity. Coccidiomycosis: Arthroconidia converted to spherules in lung. San Joaquin Valley fever (coccidiodal granuloma), lung nodules/cavitary lesions. Fever, cough, chest pain, weight loss. Dissemination in immunocomprimized patients with 90% mortality |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Fonsecaea, Cladosporium, Exophiala, Cladophialophora, Rhinocladiella, Phialophora spp. |
|
Definition
| Chromoblastomycosis: Progressive "Cauliflower-like" disfiguring, verrucous nodules/plaques. Patients ussually don't present until after lesion is well established and highly refractory. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Hortaea werneckii |
|
Definition
| Tinea Nigra: irregular, pigmented macules (superficial phaeohyphomycois) |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Malassezia furfur |
|
Definition
| Pityriasis Versicolor: superficial hypo-/hyperpigmented raised patches all over body |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Microsporum canis |
|
Definition
| Tinea capitis, tinea corporis. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Phaeoacremonium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Madurella, Exophiala, Pyrenochaeta, Leptospheraeria spp. |
|
Definition
| Eumycotic mycetoma: Pyogranulamatous subcutaneous abcesses. Sinus tracts drain a serosanguineous fluid with grossly visible granules. Chrinic deformation and fibrosis of muscle, fascia, bone. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Pheohyphomycosis |
|
Definition
| Pheohyphomycosis: Localized infection of lung/paranasal sinuses/CNS or disseminated infection. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Piedraia hortae |
|
Definition
| Black piedra - affects scalp hair |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Pneumocystic jirovecii |
|
Definition
| Pneumocystosis: Dyspnea, cyanosis, tachypnea, nonproductive cough, pneumonia, fever. Diffuse bilateral infiltrates on CXR. Alveolar foamy exudate, interstitial plasma cell infiltrate, non-caseating granulamatous infection, infarct-like necrosis. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Rhodotorula spp. |
|
Definition
| Central venous catheter infection and fungemia, ocular infections, perotinitis, meningitis, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Sporothrix schenckii |
|
Definition
| Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis: chronic nodular/ulcerative lesions develop along lymphatics draining the site of inoculation. Dissemination very rare. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Subcutaneous pheohyphomycosis |
|
Definition
| Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis: Firm, painless, slow-growing solitary inflammatory cyst OR indurated, non-tender, pigmented plaque-like lesions. Can become deeply invasive and disseminate! |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
|
Definition
| Tinea pedis,tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea capitis, onychomycosis |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Trichophyton rubrum |
|
Definition
| Most common cause of onychomycosis. Also causes tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris. |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Trichophyton tonsurans |
|
Definition
| Most common cause of tinea capitis in U.S. Also causes onychomycosis, tinea corpora |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Trichophyton verrucosum |
|
Definition
| Tinea barbae (only dermatophyte that causes this!!). Also tinea corporis, tine capitis |
|
|
Term
| Disease/Clinical presentation: Trichosporon sp. |
|
Definition
| Superficial infection of hair caused by yeast like cells |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Basidobolus ranarum |
|
Definition
| Tropical environments. Middle East, Asia, Europe, Africa, India |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Eumycotic mycetoma |
|
Definition
| Africa, India, Brazil, Venezuela, Middle East (Tropical areas with LOW rainfall) |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
Definition
| Endemic to South Central, Eastern, and Midwestern USA. Also Latin America, Asia, Europe, Middle east, Africa. Basically same endemnicity as Blasto. |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis |
|
Definition
| Predominant dimorphic fungal infection in Latin America, particularily in rural, high humidity areas with rich vegetation |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Sporothrix schenckii |
|
Definition
| Sporadic in warmer climates. Japan, Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay, Peru, Colombia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Worldwide on decaying organic matter |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Aspergillus spp. |
|
Definition
| Everywhere, in air, soil, decaying matter, potted plants, water supplies, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Blastomyces dermatitidis |
|
Definition
| Endemic in southeastern and midwestern USA. Also Africa, Europe, Middle East. Found in soil and decaying organic matter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal human microflora, so everywhere. |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Chromoblastomycosis |
|
Definition
| Rural tropics, warm and moist areas |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Coccidioides immitis and posadasii |
|
Definition
| Endemic to semi-arid/desert regions of SW United States, Central and South America. immitis is only found in California, posadasii is the species found in other endemic regions. |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Conidiobolus coronatus |
|
Definition
| Tropical environments. Middle East, Asia, Europe, Africa, India, Latin America |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
Definition
| Worldwide in soil enriched with pigeon droppings |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Epidermophyton floccosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geography: Hortaea werneckii |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geography: Malassezia furfur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geography: Microsporum canis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geography: Piedraia hortae |
|
Definition
| Latin and Central America |
|
|
Term
| Geography: Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geography: Trichophyton rubrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geography: Trichophyton tonsurans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geography: Trichophyton verrucosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geography: Trichosporon sp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what type of formulation is flucytosine typically given for fungal infections? |
|
Definition
| Typically given in combo with amphotericin B and fluconozole because of resistance |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Conidiobolus coronatus |
|
Definition
| Microscopy of biopsy required |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Sporothrix schenckii |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Basidobolus ranarum |
|
Definition
| Microscopy of biopsy required |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Chromoblastomycosis |
|
Definition
| Microscopy of skin scraping. Samples are ussually taken from the small dark dots on a patient's warty lesions |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Epidermophyton floccosum |
|
Definition
| In vitro hair perforation test, microscopy of skin/nails/hair. Isolation in culture takes 1-4 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Eumycotic mycetoma |
|
Definition
| Culture or KOH prep of granules required for definitive ID |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Hortaea werneckii |
|
Definition
| microscopy of skin scraping |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Malassezia furfur |
|
Definition
| microscopy of skin scraping, culture not neccesary |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Pneumocystic jirovecii |
|
Definition
| Microscopic examination of clinical material. Cannot be cultured. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Trichophyton rubrum |
|
Definition
| In vitro hair perforation test, microscopy of skin/nails/hair. Isolation in culture takes 1-4 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Trichophyton tonsurans |
|
Definition
| In vitro hair perforation test, microscopy of skin/nails/hair. Isolation in culture takes 1-4 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Trichophyton verrucosum |
|
Definition
| In vitro hair perforation test, microscopy of skin/nails/hair. Isolation in culture takes 1-4 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Aspergillus spp. |
|
Definition
| Requires microscopic examination of hyphae and structure of conidial head |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Blastomyces dermatitidis |
|
Definition
| Microscopy of sputum, brochoalveolar lavage, lung biopsy and lab culture confirmation of thermal dimorphism. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Candida sp. |
|
Definition
| Vaginal smear/wet mount, microscopy of tissue sample, culture, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Coccidioides immitis and posadasii |
|
Definition
| Mircoscopy of tissue. Culture is NOT reccomended becaused of how contagious it is in the lab. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
Definition
| Culture on Birdseed/Niger agar. Also cryptococcal antigen test is available, and is very sensitive in AIDS patients. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
Definition
| Direct microscopy of clinical material. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Microsporum canis |
|
Definition
| In vitro hair perforation test, microscopy of skin/nails/hair. Isolation in culture takes 1-4 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis |
|
Definition
| Microscopy of clinical material |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Phaeohyphomycosis |
|
Definition
| Fontana-masson stain identifies dematiatious fungi. Individual Genera identified by sporulation mode/morphology |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Subcutaneous pheohyphomycosis |
|
Definition
| Microscopy of surgical excision of cyst. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
|
Definition
| In vitro hair perforation test, microscopy of skin/nails/hair. Isolation in culture takes 1-4 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis: Zygomycosis |
|
Definition
| Microscopic examination of rhizoids and hyphae |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of Echinocandin antibiotics (Capsofungin, Anidulafungin, Micafungin) |
|
Definition
| Inhibition of cell wall glucan synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of azole antibiotics (Ketoconozole, Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Posaconazole) |
|
Definition
| Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disruption of nucleic acid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of polyene antibiotics (Amphotericin, Nystatin) |
|
Definition
| Direct membrane damage by binding to ergosterol |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Aspergillus spp. |
|
Definition
| Constantly inhaled by healthy people, thus very common in immunocomprimised patients. |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Basidobolus ranarum |
|
Definition
| Direct traumatic implantation of saprophytes from plant debris |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Blastomyces dermatitidis |
|
Definition
| Inhalation of conidia. No person to person spread but can be acquired in the lab via cutaneous or pulmonary modes |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Chromoblastomycosis |
|
Definition
| Traumatic inoculation with infected soil/wood/decaying vegetation. Common in people lacking protective footwear |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Coccidioides immitis and posadasii |
|
Definition
| Inhalation of arthroconidia from soil/dust. Growth is enhanced by bat/rodent droppings (i.e. environmental health concern) |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Conidiobolus coronatus |
|
Definition
| Inhalation of spores. NOTE: this is the exception to the rule that subcutaneous mycoses are only acquired via traumatic inoculation. |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
Definition
| Inhalation by immunodepressed patient |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Eumycotic mycetoma |
|
Definition
| Traumatic inoculation of foot/hand/other. Resrvoirs are soil/wood/decaying vegetation, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
Definition
| Inhalation of spores from bird or bat guano. Caving, bird roosts, chicken coops, decaying buildings |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis |
|
Definition
| Inhalation or traumatic inoculation of conidia. No person to person spread. |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Penicillium marneffei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Sporothrix schenckii |
|
Definition
| Traumatic inoculation. Reservoirs are soil/wood/decaying vegetation. Forest work, mining, gardening. |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Zygomycosis |
|
Definition
| Inhalation, ingestion, wound contamination in immunocomprimised patients or people with diabetes |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Candida sp. |
|
Definition
| Indwelling foreign bodies (heart valves, catheters, etc.), disruption of mechanical barriers, or immunosuppression. Can also be transmitted person to person |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Epidermophyton floccosum |
|
Definition
| Person to person or via fomites |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Hortaea werneckii |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Malassezia furfur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Microsporum canis |
|
Definition
| Person to person or via fomites |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Piedraia hortae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Pneumocystic jirovecii |
|
Definition
| Unknown reservoir. Respiratory entry in any immunosuppressed patient. |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Rhodotorula spp. |
|
Definition
| Shower curtains, bath tub grout, toothbrushes, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Subcutaneous pheohyphomycosis |
|
Definition
| Traumatic inoculation. Reservoirs are soil/wood/decaying vegetation. |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
|
Definition
| Person to person or via fomites |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Trichophyton rubrum |
|
Definition
| Person to person or via fomites |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Trichophyton tonsurans |
|
Definition
| Person to person or via fomites |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Trichophyton verrucosum |
|
Definition
| Person to person or via fomites |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission: Trichosporon sp. |
|
Definition
| Person to person, affects people with poor hygeine |
|
|
Term
| Over 80% of all cases of basidiobolomycosis (a type of subcutaneous zygomycosis) occur in what demographic? |
|
Definition
| Children (under the age of 20). Also note that basidobolomycosis is one of the subcutaneous mycoses that is more common in men than in women. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Basidobolus ranarum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Eumycotic mycetoma |
|
Definition
| Usually unsuccessful, variable and of slow course. Amputation :( |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Aspergillus spp. |
|
Definition
| Prevention in high risk patients. Amphotericin B and Voriconazole. 70% mortality in spite of treatment. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Blastomyces dermatitidis |
|
Definition
| Amphotericin B, Itraconazole, fluconazole. Treatment is 70-95% successful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevention, topical or oral azoles, amphotericin B, echinocandins |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Chromoblastomycosis |
|
Definition
| Itraconazole, terbinafine, posaconazole, flucytosine. Shrinkage of lesions with heat/cryo therapy. Can recur with surgical removal. Often ineffective due to late presentation |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Coccidioides immitis and posadasii |
|
Definition
| If infection is severe or patient has risk factors: Amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Conidiobolus coronatus |
|
Definition
| Itraconazole, oral KOH. Facial reconstructive surgery when significant fibrosis remains after infection |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
Definition
| Universally fatal if untreated! Amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, flucytosine |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Epidermophyton floccosum |
|
Definition
| If localized and not affecting hair/nails then topical treaments (azoles, terbinafine, haloprogin, Whitfield ointment). All others require oral therapy with griseofulvin, itraconazole, terbinafine |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Hortaea werneckii |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis |
|
Definition
| Itraconazole is primary option, but can also use amphotericin B. Sulfonamides and azoles often allow relapses and are not reccomended. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Sporothrix schenckii |
|
Definition
| Oral KOH, itraconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Subcutaneous pheohyphomycosis |
|
Definition
| Surgical excision, itraconazole with or without flucytosine, posaconazole, voriconazole, terbinafine |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
|
Definition
| If localized and not affecting hair/nails then topical treaments (azoles, terbinafine, haloprogin, Whitfield ointment). All others require oral therapy with griseofulvin, itraconazole, terbinafine |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Trichophyton verrucosum |
|
Definition
| If localized and not affecting hair/nails then topical treaments (azoles, terbinafine, haloprogin, Whitfield ointment). All others require oral therapy with griseofulvin, itraconazole, terbinafine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amphotericin B and surgical debridement. Resistant to Voriconazole |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
Definition
| Amphotericin B, Itraconazole, fluconazole. Incurable in AIDS and requires maintenance therapy. CNS involvement fatal without therapy. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Malassezia furfur |
|
Definition
| topical azoles, oral ketoconazole |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Microsporum canis |
|
Definition
| If localized and not affecting hair/nails then topical treaments (azoles, terbinafine, haloprogin, Whitfield ointment). All others require oral therapy with griseofulvin, itraconazole, terbinafine |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Pneumocystic jirovecii |
|
Definition
| Prophylaxis in AIDS patients with CD4 count bleow 200: Trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole. High mortality from respiratory failure if untreated |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Trichophyton rubrum |
|
Definition
| If localized and not affecting hair/nails then topical treaments (azoles, terbinafine, haloprogin, Whitfield ointment). All others require oral therapy with griseofulvin, itraconazole, terbinafine |
|
|
Term
| Treatment: Trichophyton tonsurans |
|
Definition
| If localized and not affecting hair/nails then topical treaments (azoles, terbinafine, haloprogin, Whitfield ointment). All others require oral therapy with griseofulvin, itraconazole, terbinafine |
|
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Term
| Type of infection: Aspergillus spp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Basidobolus ranarum |
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Definition
| Subcutaneous Fungal diseases |
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Blastomyces dermatitidis |
|
Definition
| Systemic Mycosis of thermally dimorphic fungi |
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|
Term
| Type of infection: Blastoschizomyces capitis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Candida sp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Chromoblastomycosis |
|
Definition
| Subcutaneous Fungal diseases |
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Coccidioides immitis and posadasii |
|
Definition
| Systemic Mycosis of thermally dimorphic fungi |
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|
Term
| Type of infection: Conidiobolus coronatus |
|
Definition
| Subcutaneous Fungal diseases |
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|
Term
| Type of infection: Cryptococcus neoformans |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Epidermophyton floccosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Eumycotic mycetoma |
|
Definition
| Subcutaneous Fungal diseases |
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
Definition
| Systemic Mycosis of thermally dimorphic fungi |
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|
Term
| Type of infection: Hortaea werneckii |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Malassezia furfur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Microsporum canis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis |
|
Definition
| Systemic Mycosis of thermally dimorphic fungi |
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Penicillium marneffei |
|
Definition
| Systemic Mycosis of thermally dimorphic fungi |
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Pheohyphomycosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Piedraia hortae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Pneumocystic jirovecii |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Rhodotorula spp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Sporothrix schenckii |
|
Definition
| Subcutaneous Fungal diseases |
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Subcutaneous pheohyphomycosis |
|
Definition
| Subcutaneous Fungal diseases |
|
|
Term
| Type of infection: Zygomycosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection:Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection:Trichophyton rubrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection:Trichophyton tonsurans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection:Trichophyton verrucosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection:Trichosporon sp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of echinocardins in patients? |
|
Definition
| Not much. They are less hepatotoxic than azoles, although you should still monitor your patient's liver function tests. |
|
|
Term
| What fungi are echinocardins effective against? |
|
Definition
| Aspergillus (fungistatic), and Candida |
|
|
Term
| What is the easiest systemic mycosis to acquire in the lab (and arguably in the environment as well) due to its remarkably low ID50? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major DEMOGRAPHIC difference between basidobolomycosis and conidiobolomycosis (2 types of subcutaneous zygomycoses)? |
|
Definition
| Conidobolomycosis typically infects adults while basidiobolomycosis is more often seen in childern. Note that both affect men more than women. |
|
|
Term
| What is the only subcutaneous mycosis that can disseminate and become a systemic infection? |
|
Definition
| Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of side effects does flucytosine have in patients? |
|
Definition
| Bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity, GI intolerance |
|
|
Term
| What side effects can Amphotericin B have in patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What side effects can azole antibiotics have in patients? |
|
Definition
| Side effects in most azoles are minimal. The important exception, however, is voriconazole. Voriconazole can cause changes in the patient's light perception and have serious interactions with other drugs due to alterations in the cytochrome p450 drug metabolism pathway. Also, hepatotoxicity. |
|
|
Term
| What would likely be included in the differential diagnosis for chromoblastomycosis? |
|
Definition
| Squamous cell carcinoma (presents similarly). NOTE: Chromoblastomycosis can also CAUSE squamous cell carcinoma. |
|
|
Term
| When are azoles indicated? |
|
Definition
| Azoles have a highly vairable spectrum of activity related to both the specific drug and organism |
|
|
Term
| When are polyenes like amphotericin B indicated? |
|
Definition
| Polyenes are very broad spectrum and kill most fungi. Useful against refractory and resistant infections. |
|
|
Term
| Which causative agent of Chromoblastomycosis is most common in the Americas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dematophyte genus typically grows arthroconidia on the INSIDE of a hair shaft (i.e. endothrix)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dematophyte genus typically grows arthroconidia on the OUTSIDE of a hair shaft (i.e. ectothrix)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dermatophyte genus characteristically lacks microconidia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which subcutaneous mycoses are more common in men than in women? |
|
Definition
| Eumycotic Mycetoma, subcutaneous zygomycoses |
|
|
Term
| Which subcutaneous mycosis can impart a risk for developing a squamous cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two subcutaneous mycoses can BOTH be caused by Curvalaria, Exophiala, and Phaeoacremonium spp. (among others)? |
|
Definition
| Eumycotic mycetoma and subcutaneous pheohyphomycosis |
|
|
Term
| Which two systemic mycoses both share roughly the same endemic area (in the eastern and Ohio River Valley of the United States)? |
|
Definition
| Blastomycosis and histoplasmosis |
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