Term
| how do fungi cause disease |
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Definition
| infections, toxins, allergies |
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Term
| mycotoxicoses v. mycotoxins |
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Definition
| myxotoxicoses are poisonings from funal toxins; mycotoxins are toxins produced by fungi in food |
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Term
| hair/nails skin mucosal, subcutaneous, deep-seated |
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Definition
| sites of mycoinfections (KOH only needed for skin) |
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Term
| mushrooms, ergot; moldy corn |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| are fungi euk or prok? Like plants or animals? |
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Definition
| eukaryotic with membrane-bound nuclei & 80s ribosomes (?), like plants |
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Term
| describe fungi cell membrane/wall |
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Definition
| has ergosterols in membrane; cell wall resp for cell shape |
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Term
| single cell, divides and buds off (mother and daughter) |
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Definition
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Term
| intermediate budding cells elongate (no apical growth) |
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Definition
| pseudohyphae (ex. Candida) |
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Term
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Definition
| filament/hyphae grows at apex and branches (behind growing tip), then the old part dies and the new part keeps growing |
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Term
| a branching mass of hyphae (single tube) |
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Definition
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Term
| what leads hyphae branching |
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Definition
| changes in cell wall behind tip |
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Term
| what forms as hyphae grow and branch |
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Definition
| septa - with pores to allows segments to talk, exchange nutrients |
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Term
| B1-4 linked polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine, similar to cellulose |
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Definition
| chitin, found in fungal cell walls |
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Term
| what do chitin form? Fxn? |
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Definition
| microfibrils for strength and flexibility (within mannoproteins) |
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Term
| what do enzymes in fungal cell walls do (proteases, cellulases, catalases) |
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Definition
| digest nutrients, protection |
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Term
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Definition
| makes the cell wall more rigid as it grows (can push thru barriers!) but can be later modified if need to form branch |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| damage that can be done by hyphae branching |
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Definition
| penetrate blood vessels, infarct it |
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Term
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Definition
| by the spore structure and spore-forming parts |
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Term
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Definition
| in yeast, shows where daughter budded off of mom |
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Term
| dimorphic fungi that can grow as yeast or mold - how do they know? |
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Definition
| environmental conditions, esp. temperature; yeast like 37 C while mycelium like 25 C |
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Term
| spore formation/replication on mold: how does it happen |
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Definition
| spores grow at apex (nutrient-rich) then hyphae branch forms; spores can be released to establish other places |
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Term
| how do molds infect humans |
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Definition
| via spores: the smaller it is, the deeper it goes (ex. Alveoli in hypersensitivity pneumonia) |
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Term
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Definition
| can be asexual (form different stuff) or sexual: basidiospores, zygospores, ascospores that allow gene flow |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual forms of fungi/molds: includes spores + hyphae |
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Term
| is spores are conidia, support hyphae are ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| simple, nonmotile asexual spores that are exposed to environment (naked) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blastoconidia (blastospores): balloon out w/ new cell wall material; thallic/arthroconidia (arthrospores) that form a hyphae then break up |
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Term
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Definition
| spores formed out of existing hyphae |
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Term
| spores bud out of phore and new cell wall is added |
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Definition
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Term
| what part of fungi cell walls interact with complement |
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Definition
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Term
| spores mature within a balloon-like structure on hyphae, release when burst |
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Definition
| sporangiospores (zygomycetes only); form in sporangium on sporangiophore |
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Term
| identification of sporangium/sporangiospores |
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Definition
| zygomycete anamorphs (spores upon release) |
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Term
| identification involveds profile of biochemical tests (esp sugar assimilation) |
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Definition
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Term
| why you need to identify fungi |
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Definition
| predict severity, tx, explain how it is acquired |
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Term
| fungi virulence factors (3) |
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Definition
| enzymes to breakdown things or acquire iron; cell wall activates innate immune system (TLR, mannoseR); act of alt comp pathway |
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Term
| what do you need to go to culture to grow fungi (mold) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| KOH (cell walls); silver or PAS or calcofluor (chitin) staining; metabolites; nucleic acid; **MORPHOLOGY; rRNA sequencing of spores |
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Term
| most antifungal agents target what |
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Definition
| ergosterol in fungal cell membranes - C28! |
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Term
| binds ergosterol>cholesterol & forms pores |
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Definition
| polyenes ex. Amphotericin B or nystatin (oral) |
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Term
| why is AmB bad as a therapy |
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Definition
| nephrotoxicity - so give as lipid |
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Term
| inhibit squalene epoxidase needed for ergosterol synthesis |
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Definition
| allylamines ex. Naftidine, terbinafine (acetyl coa -> squalene -**> squalene epoxide -> lanosterol -> ergosterol) |
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Term
| used for stratum corneum of skin, ringworm, jock itch, etc |
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Definition
| allylamines ex. Naftidine, terbinafine |
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Term
| bind P450 cytochrome oxidase, inhibit lanosterol demethylase in ergosterol synthesis |
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Definition
| azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, etc.) (acetyl coa -> squalene -> squalene epoxide -> lanosterol -**> ergosterol) |
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Term
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Definition
| MDR efflux pump happens first, then enzyme mutation of target, then ABC transporter |
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Term
| target fungal cell wall/b-glucan syntehtase inhibitors |
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Definition
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Term
| target nucleic acid synth (5-FC) |
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Definition
| 5-FU formed (degradation) |
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