Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Within vascular system, plasma and blood |
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Definition
| Fluid between cells and outside of vessels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of water across a membrane from low concentration to high concentration |
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Definition
| Higher concentration than blood |
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Definition
| 3%NS (pulls water out of cells into blood, cells shrink) |
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Term
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Definition
| Same concentration as blood |
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Term
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Definition
| 0.9% NS (No fluid shift, expand volume) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower concentration than blood |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/2NS (fluid moves into cells and they expand) |
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Term
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Definition
| Force of fluid pressing outward against a surface |
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Term
| Hydrostatic pressure example |
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Definition
| Systolic BP causing fluid and solutes to move out of the arterial end of the capillaries and into interstitial space (moves out of cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by albumin within the blood vessels |
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Term
| Example of oncotic pressure |
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Definition
| _______pressure at the venous end of a capillary is greater than hydrostatic pressure, which causes fluids to move back into the capillary from the interstitial space. (moves in cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of molecules against osmotic pressure |
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Term
| Example of active transport |
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Definition
| Sodium potassium pump. Moves sodium out of cells and potassium INTO cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In healthy persons, how do we regulate fluid and electrolyte status? |
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Definition
| Fluid intake, hormonal regulation, fluid output regulation |
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Term
| What regulates fluid intake |
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Definition
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Term
| What monitors serum osmotic pressure? what happens when osmolarity increases? |
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Definition
| Osmoreceptors. If increased, hypothalamus stimulates thirst |
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Term
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Definition
| Eating salty chips increases oncotic pressure so the hypothalamus stimulates thirst. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does thirst require and who is at risk because of this |
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Definition
| An alert state. Infants, elderly, neuro problems are at risk |
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Term
| What happens to ADH when blood osmolarity increases? |
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Definition
| Its released which works on kidneys to "save water" which dilutes the blood and increases osmolality. |
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Term
| What happens to urine output when ADH is activated |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulates the RAAS? |
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Definition
| Decreased perfusion of kidneys due to osmolality increase |
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Term
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Definition
| Acts on kidneys to save salt and secrete potassium. Sodium retention leads to water retention |
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Term
| Where does fluid output occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid loss is continuous thru skina nd lungs. |
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Term
| How much is insensible loss |
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Definition
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Term
| GI tract has how much insensible loss |
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Definition
| about 100ml a day but can become a major site of fluid loss because 3-6L is reabsorbed daily |
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Term
| How much urine output do the kidneys produce a day |
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Definition
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Term
| What is normal total input for an adult |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal total fluid out for a day? |
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Definition
| Same as in. 2500 ml. About 1500 is measurable urine output. |
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Term
| Amounts greater than 1500ml a day indicate what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Amounts LESS than 1500ml a day indicate what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most abundant electrolyte in ECF |
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Definition
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Term
| Aldosterone and intake regulate what electrolyte |
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Definition
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Term
| Sodium has an major influence on maintaining what |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lower than normal sodium concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Higher than normal sodium concentration. Due to excess water loss |
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Term
| Common symptom of hypernatremia |
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Definition
| Dry, sticky mucous membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Predominant electrolyte in ICF |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Does the body conserve potassium well, and how does increased fluid effect potassium? |
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Definition
| No, it loses it easily. Increased fluids lead to hypokalemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Too much potassium. Occurs with kidney failure or with potassium sparing diuretics. |
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Term
| What is the major problem with potassium imbalance? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Magnesium is used for what |
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Definition
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Term
| Phosphate is inversely proportional with what electroylte |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Important buffer regulated by kidneys in maintaining acid-base balance |
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Term
| Hyponatremia is caused by |
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Definition
| Sodium defecit or water excess |
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Term
| What causes cellular edema? why? |
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Definition
| Hyponatremia. Fluid is moving into the cells |
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Term
| Hyponatremia common symptoms |
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Definition
| Postural dizziness, confusion, seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| Sodium excess or water loss |
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Term
| Common symptoms of hypernatremia |
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Definition
| Extreme thirst, dry sticky mucous membranes, irritability, seizures |
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Term
| Common cause of hypokalemia |
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Definition
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Term
| Common symptoms of hypokalemia |
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Definition
| WALT. weakness, arrhythmias, lethargy, thready pulse |
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Term
| Hyperkalemia common cause |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypocalcemia common cause |
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Definition
| Illness affecting thyroid or parathyroid glands, renal insufficiency (when cannot excrete phosphorous, calcium level drops) |
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Term
| Common symptoms of hypocalcemia |
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Definition
| Numbness, tingling, chvotek's sign, tetany |
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Term
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Definition
| clinical sign of tetany where the stimulation of the facial nerve causes contraction on the same side |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| hypercalcemia common cause |
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Definition
| Can be caused by prolonged immobilization or cancer |
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Term
| hypomagnesemia common cause |
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Definition
| Malnutrition, malabsorption, alcoholism |
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Term
| Hypermagnesemia common cause |
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Definition
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Term
| best way to evaluate acid base imbalance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| PaCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide) normal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| respiratory alkalosis (blowing off acid) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen pressure in blood. 80-100 |
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Term
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Definition
| 95-100. oxygen saturation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| measure of acidity. Balance between acid, CO3 and a base. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| your patient has COPD, pH of less than 7.35 and a CO2 greater than 45, what do they have |
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Definition
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Term
| Your patient has Diabetic ketoacidosis, pH less than 7.35 and HCO3 less than 22, what do they have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Your pt has a pH greater than 7.45, C02 less than 35, and is hyperventilating. What do they have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Your patient has a pH greater than 7.45, and HC03 (a base) greater than 26, what do they have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis often causes what |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperventilating often causes what |
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Definition
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Term
| Prolonged vomiting or NG suctioning causes what |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| water and sodium lost in equal proportions, no fluid shift with cells |
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Term
| Fluid volume defecit causes |
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Definition
| Bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, use of diuretics, excessive sweating, decreased oral intake |
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Term
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Definition
| Water and sodium gained in equal proportions |
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Term
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Definition
| CHF, RF, Cirrhosis of liver, excessive sodium intake |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss or excess of water only, causes fluid shift in cells |
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Term
| Examples of osmolar imbalances |
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Definition
| cellular dehydration (tube feeding w/o water flushes), excessive water intake |
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Term
| symptoms of Fluid volume defecit |
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Definition
| Decreased BP, tachycardia, weak pulses, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, decreased urine output, rapid weight loss |
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Term
| What labs are we going to see for fluid volume defecit |
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Definition
| Increased urine specific gravity, HCT, BUN |
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Term
| Treatment of fluid volume defecit |
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Definition
| Isotonic fluids via IV therapy |
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Term
| Fluid volume excess symptoms |
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Definition
| Weight GAIN, edema, increased BP, crackles in lungs, dyspnea, bounding pulses, distended jugular vein |
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Term
| What labs results are going to be seen with Fluid volume excess |
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Definition
| Decreased HCT and BUN (hemodilution) |
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Term
| Fluid volume excess treatment |
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Definition
| Fluid and sodium restriction, diuretics |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess interstitial fluids. Most apparent in eyes, feet, ankles, sacrum |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaves a small depression after pressure applied. |
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Term
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Definition
Age (infants/elderly)
CHF, RF
Surgery
Trauma or Burns
Diuretics |
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Term
| Daily weight change to watch |
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Definition
| 1KG =1L fluid. 1kg change in 24 hours is significant |
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Term
| What vital signs are especially important w/ fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2500 in should equal how much out for balance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What labs are important with fluid/electrolyte |
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Definition
| Urine specific gravity, HCT, BUN, electrolytes, ABGs |
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Term
| what are considered fluids |
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Definition
| liquids, ice chips, gelatin, ice cream |
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Term
| Nursing interventions for FVD |
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Definition
| ID fluid client likes, avoid caffeine, select foods that are liquid at room temp. |
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Term
| Nursing interventions FVE |
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Definition
| Allow 1/2 total volume on day shift. Place fluids in smaller containers to look full. Frequent mouth care, avoid salty food |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid escapes into SQ tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Swelling, pallor, coldness, pain at site, decreased flow rate |
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Term
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Definition
| Discontinue IV and restart at dif site |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Local tenderness, redness, warm, mild edema of vein above insertion site |
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Term
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Definition
| Warm moist compress. Discontinue IV and restart at dif site |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dyspnea, engorged neck veins, increased BP |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow infusion rate, notify MD, monitor VS |
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Term
| serum osmolality normal level |
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Definition
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Term
| Urine specific gravity normal |
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Definition
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