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Fundamentals of Nutrition
Chapter 8: Trace Minerals
26
Nutrition
Undergraduate 2
11/07/2014

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Term
Sources of trace minerals
Definition
just like major minerals, animal or plant-based foods are the best sources of a trace mineral depending on the bioavailability
Term
Absorption of trace minerals
Definition
absorbed primarily in the small intestine
Term
Iron
Definition
one of the earth's most plentiful metals but the body only has a small amount of iron; required for red blood cell production because of hemoglobin
Term
Iron deficiency
Definition
most common nutrient deficiency in the world; has a widespread of negative effects on things such as behavior, immune system function, etc. and can lead to anemia
Term
Functions of iron
Definition
component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to tissues (and some carbon dioxide away from tissues)
Term
Myoglobin
Definition
oxygen-storing molecule in muscles
Term
Anemia
Definition
occurs when the oxygen transportation in the blood is impaired; causes the bod to work harder to circulate oxygen-poor blood throughout the blood which leads to an array of heart problems; anemia is most commonly caused by iron deficiency
Term
Iron ad hemoglobin
Definition
1. [blood] oxygen binds to to iron on one of four binding site on the hemoglobin protein and moves through the circulatory system
2. [lungs] gas exchange takes place in air sacs at the tips on the bronchioles: oxygen diffuses through epithelium and into capillaries while CO2 diffuses from capillaries across epithelium into the air space
Term
Bioavailability of iron
Definition
depends on type of iron consumed, chelators, vitamin C consumed (helps absorb non-heme iron, meat (meat enhances non-heme iron absorption as well)
Term
Heme iron
Definition
animal iron; more readily absorbed than non-heme iron + not affected by dietary composition (what you eat with it/before it/etc.)
Term
Non-heme iron
Definition
plant iron
Term
Chelators
Definition
compounds in plants that bind to non-heme iron and make it unavailable for the body
Term
Iron absorption
Definition
iron is absorbed through epithelial cells which produce ferrtin to bind with and store iron, preventing them from entering the bloodstream; depending on the amount of ferritin produced is how much your body will store iron
Term
Iodine
Definition
in nature, found in rocks, plants, soil
Term
Iodide
Definition
how the body breaks down iodine; resposible for the synthesis of thyroid hormones
Term
Thyroid hormones
Definition
maintain normal metabolism, growth, and development and regulate BMR
Term
BMR
Definition
minimum number of calories your body uses for vital physiological processes after fasting and resting for 12 hours
Term
Goiter
Definition
enlarged thyroid caused by either too much iodine or not enough (deficiency and toxicity lead to the same)
Term
Cretinism
Definition
fetal development impairment, stunned growth, physical and mental abnormalities usually caused by a deficiency in iodine
Term
Chromium
Definition
possibly enhances the ability of insulin to take glucose into your cells
Term
Zinc, copper, selenium
Definition
work as antioxidants and are components of enzymes; selenium specifically lowers probability of some cancers
Term
Manganese
Definition
only one case of deficiency where bone demineralization was corrected by manganese supplementation; works with carbohydrate metabolism
Term
Molybdenum
Definition
only one cause of only one case of deficiency where deficiency disease was corrected by molybdenum supplementation; involved in protein metabolism
Term
Fluoride
Definition
deposits calcium and phosphorus in teeth and bones; has dental benefits but not necessary; new research shows that cavities and CVD risk are correlated
Term
Fluoride toxicity
Definition
mottling (fluorosis)
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