Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Fundamentals of Nutrition
Chapter 8: Water and Major Minerals
36
Nutrition
Undergraduate 2
11/06/2014

Additional Nutrition Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Food as a source of minerals
Definition
depending on bioavailability, both plant- and animal-based foods are good sources of minerals
Term
Tap water as a source of minerals
Definition
Hard water, fluoridated water, soft water.
Term
Hard water
Definition
naturally contains calcium, sulphur, copper, iron, and zinc
Term
Soft water
Definition
treated with sodium (Na+)
Term
Dietary supplements as sources of minerals
Definition
generally safe for people but minerals have a narrow range of safe intake (deficiency or toxicity) as well as an excess of one mineral can interfere with the absorption of another in the intestine
Term
Bioavailability depends on:
Definition
1. physiological need for a mineral at the time of consumption, 2. the amount of other minerals consumed, 3. binding factors (compounds that bind to minerals preventing their absorption)
Term
Components of water
Definition
intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
Term
Intracellular fluid
Definition
fluid between cells
Term
Extracellular fluid
Definition
includes intravascular fluid, [blood], saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, fluid in the joints, etc.
Term
Minerals
Definition
inorganic substances; micronutrients that cannot be destroyed or created
Term
Calcium
Definition
most common mineral element in the human body; 99% is in bones and teeth while the remaining is in intravascular fluid as [blood] as Ca2+
Term
Functions of calcium
Definition
maintaining structures of bones and teeth stored as hydroxyapatite crystals; critical for nerve impulse transmission [communication between neurons requires calcium],
Term
Hydroxyapatite crystals
Definition
how calcium + phosphorus are stored in bones and teeth; influenced by magnesium
Term
Calcium homeostasis
Definition
complex hormonal system to regulate blood calcium levels along thyroid + parathyroid by controlling the activity osteoclast cells and osteoblast cells
Term
Osteoclasts cells
Definition
bones cells that tear down bone tissue; decreased by estrogen
Term
Osteoblast cells
Definition
bones cells that add bone tissue
Term
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
stimulates the activation of vitamin D which then stimulates the absorption of calcium from the small intestine + signals osteoclasts to release calcium from the bone to enter the bone stream in response to falling blood calcium levels
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
secreted from the thyroid gland in response to rising blood calcium levels; 1. inhibits the actions of vitamin D, 2. inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone, 3. stimulates the kidneys to remove excess calcium (through the urine)
Term
Peak bone mass
Definition
the greatest total amount of bone that a person achieves n his/her lifetime
Term
Bone density
Definition
amount of bone tissue within a given volume of bone; begins and steadily decreases after 30
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
condition of severely low bone density; leads to having weaker bones that are susceptible to fractures; risk is determine largely in your twenties --> risk: women + vegetarians/vegans/lactose-intolerant
Term
Phosphorus
Definition
85% stored in bones; stored in bones hyrdoxyapatite crystals
Term
Phosphorus deficiency
Definition
nearly impossible to be deficient in phosphorus because it is in everything we eat; consumption has increased (as humans) due to phosphorus in soft drinks
Term
Magnesium
Definition
intracellular ion; found in a great variety of foods; about 50-60% of magnesium in the body is found in bones; if intake is low, your body will take it from your bones (most people struggle to meet the RDA)
Term
Sodium
Definition
table salt = 40% sodium 60% chloride; either mined from salt deposits or produced by evaporation of seawater; mostly found in the body in the intravascular compartment (blood)
Term
Functions of sodium
Definition
essential for water balance, regulating blood pressure, and transmission of nerve signals
Term
Salt and blood pressure
Definition
if you consume a lot of salt, you increase your blood pressure because of the greater volume of water in your blood vessels (since water is attracted to ions such as sodium)
Term
Hypertension
Definition
persistently high blood pressure; risk of cardiovascular disease; called the "silent killer" since it generally does not cause symptoms until it is too late
Term
Systolic pressure
Definition
the maximum blood pressure within an artery (occurs when the heart's pumping chamber contracts); always higher than diastolic value
Term
Diastolic pressure
Definition
the pressure in an artery when the heart is relaxed between contractions
Term
High blood pressure
Definition
caused by a plaque build-up in the artery, flexible tubes that expand with each heartbeat --> the plaque stiffens the artery making the heart work harder
Term
Sodium deficiency
Definition
rare but can occur when a person loses more than 2% - 3% of body as a result of excessive sweating; to restore salt, eat salty foods ad consume sports drinks
Term
Potassium
Definition
maintains water balance, regulates blood pressure, and transmission of nerve signals (similar to sodium); associated with low blood pressure (unlike sodium)
Term
DASH diets
Definition
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension:
1. increase potassium and magnesium intake
2. reduce salt intake
Term
Chloride
Definition
an ion in extracellular fluid; important in nerve impulse transmission, fluid balance, part of hydrochloric acid in the tummy; coupled with table salt
Term
Sulphur (sulphate)
Definition
component of thiamin and biotin; component of amino acids (methionine and cysteine); not much is known --> we have no EAR, RDA, AI, or UL
Supporting users have an ad free experience!