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| Food as a source of minerals |
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Definition
| depending on bioavailability, both plant- and animal-based foods are good sources of minerals |
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| Tap water as a source of minerals |
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Definition
| Hard water, fluoridated water, soft water. |
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Definition
| naturally contains calcium, sulphur, copper, iron, and zinc |
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Definition
| treated with sodium (Na+) |
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| Dietary supplements as sources of minerals |
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Definition
| generally safe for people but minerals have a narrow range of safe intake (deficiency or toxicity) as well as an excess of one mineral can interfere with the absorption of another in the intestine |
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Term
| Bioavailability depends on: |
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Definition
| 1. physiological need for a mineral at the time of consumption, 2. the amount of other minerals consumed, 3. binding factors (compounds that bind to minerals preventing their absorption) |
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Definition
| intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid |
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Definition
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Definition
| includes intravascular fluid, [blood], saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, fluid in the joints, etc. |
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Definition
| inorganic substances; micronutrients that cannot be destroyed or created |
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Definition
| most common mineral element in the human body; 99% is in bones and teeth while the remaining is in intravascular fluid as [blood] as Ca2+ |
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Definition
| maintaining structures of bones and teeth stored as hydroxyapatite crystals; critical for nerve impulse transmission [communication between neurons requires calcium], |
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Definition
| how calcium + phosphorus are stored in bones and teeth; influenced by magnesium |
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Definition
| complex hormonal system to regulate blood calcium levels along thyroid + parathyroid by controlling the activity osteoclast cells and osteoblast cells |
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Definition
| bones cells that tear down bone tissue; decreased by estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| bones cells that add bone tissue |
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| stimulates the activation of vitamin D which then stimulates the absorption of calcium from the small intestine + signals osteoclasts to release calcium from the bone to enter the bone stream in response to falling blood calcium levels |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted from the thyroid gland in response to rising blood calcium levels; 1. inhibits the actions of vitamin D, 2. inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone, 3. stimulates the kidneys to remove excess calcium (through the urine) |
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Definition
| the greatest total amount of bone that a person achieves n his/her lifetime |
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Definition
| amount of bone tissue within a given volume of bone; begins and steadily decreases after 30 |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of severely low bone density; leads to having weaker bones that are susceptible to fractures; risk is determine largely in your twenties --> risk: women + vegetarians/vegans/lactose-intolerant |
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Definition
| 85% stored in bones; stored in bones hyrdoxyapatite crystals |
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Definition
| nearly impossible to be deficient in phosphorus because it is in everything we eat; consumption has increased (as humans) due to phosphorus in soft drinks |
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Definition
| intracellular ion; found in a great variety of foods; about 50-60% of magnesium in the body is found in bones; if intake is low, your body will take it from your bones (most people struggle to meet the RDA) |
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Term
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Definition
| table salt = 40% sodium 60% chloride; either mined from salt deposits or produced by evaporation of seawater; mostly found in the body in the intravascular compartment (blood) |
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Definition
| essential for water balance, regulating blood pressure, and transmission of nerve signals |
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Definition
| if you consume a lot of salt, you increase your blood pressure because of the greater volume of water in your blood vessels (since water is attracted to ions such as sodium) |
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Term
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Definition
| persistently high blood pressure; risk of cardiovascular disease; called the "silent killer" since it generally does not cause symptoms until it is too late |
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Definition
| the maximum blood pressure within an artery (occurs when the heart's pumping chamber contracts); always higher than diastolic value |
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Definition
| the pressure in an artery when the heart is relaxed between contractions |
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Definition
| caused by a plaque build-up in the artery, flexible tubes that expand with each heartbeat --> the plaque stiffens the artery making the heart work harder |
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Term
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Definition
| rare but can occur when a person loses more than 2% - 3% of body as a result of excessive sweating; to restore salt, eat salty foods ad consume sports drinks |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains water balance, regulates blood pressure, and transmission of nerve signals (similar to sodium); associated with low blood pressure (unlike sodium) |
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Definition
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension:
1. increase potassium and magnesium intake
2. reduce salt intake |
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Definition
| an ion in extracellular fluid; important in nerve impulse transmission, fluid balance, part of hydrochloric acid in the tummy; coupled with table salt |
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Definition
| component of thiamin and biotin; component of amino acids (methionine and cysteine); not much is known --> we have no EAR, RDA, AI, or UL |
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