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Definition
binds to inactive enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape, and become active for catalyst
ex. B-vitamins work as coenzymes to break down carbs, fats, and animo acids |
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Term
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Definition
| released from protein complexes in food in the stomach, absorbed in the small intestine and delivered to the liver via the portal vein then released back into the blood (expect for B-12); excess is eliminated through in the kidneys in the urine |
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Term
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Definition
| (B1) a coenzyme needed for macronutrient metabolism |
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Definition
| the body stores very little thiamin so deficiency symptoms can occur within days; can lead to beriberi (symptoms: weakness, memory loss, weight loss) or in alcoholics Wernicke-Korsakoff. |
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Definition
(B2) a coenzyme needed for macronutrient metabolism; exposure to light will cause riboflavin to break down rapid
ex. why milk no longer comes in glass bottles |
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| Minutes of UV light exposure to riboflavin destroyed |
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Definition
| 30 minutes of Uv light will destroy 30% of riboflavin |
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Definition
| fatigued easily, inflamed tongue, sores on the edge of the lips (deficiency is rare) |
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Definition
| (B3) part of two coenzymes that participate in at least 200 reactions (including macronutrient metabolism) |
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Definition
| the body can produce small amount of niacin using tryptophan (an amino acid) |
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Term
| Ratio of tryptophan to niacin |
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Definition
| 60 mg of tryptophan makes 1 mg of niacin |
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Definition
Pellagra disease; the four Ds: dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, death; initially though to be an infectious disease
story about the prisoners and the guards |
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Term
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Definition
Niacin is found in corn, high content, but is tightly bound to a protein that resists digestion
can start to break down the protein by adding some acidic to the corn (lime or lemon juice) [why it was thought that Mexicans were immune to Pellagra] |
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Term
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Definition
| coenzyme for over 100 different enzymes 9(very important); needed or amino acid metabolism; required for the synthesis of heme in hemoglobin; toxic at megadoses |
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Definition
| the oxygen carrying protein in our blood |
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Term
| Vitamin B-6 and amino acids |
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Definition
| without vitamin B-6, all amino acids become essential; conversion of tryptophan into niacin is aided by vitamin B-6; conversion of a homocysteine (toxic amino acid) into cysteine (nonessential amino acid) |
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Term
| Vitamin B-6 and the conversion of homocysteine |
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Definition
| if the body lacks vitamin B-6, homocysteine can accumulate in the blood and may contribute to cardiovascular disease (folate and b-12 also participate in homocysteine metabolism) |
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Term
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Definition
| compound found on the hemoglobin; without heme, hemoglobin cannot carry oxygen; anemia develops if vitamin-6 is unavailable for heme synthesis |
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Definition
| family of compounds; in the body cells convert all forms of folate into folate-coenzymes; participate in DNA metabolism, DNA synthesis, amino acid metabolism and conversion of homocysteine to methionine (by-product of homocysteine to cysteine) |
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Term
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Definition
| the synthetic form of folate found in supplements and added to fortified foods |
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Term
| Folate deficiency (embryonic development) |
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Definition
| affects cells that rapidly divide (i.e. embryonic development); during first weeks after conception, the neural tubes form in the human embryo; folate deficiency can lead to spina bifida and anencephaly (malformed or missing brain, usually don't life) |
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Term
| Folate deficiency (circulatory/vascular) |
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Definition
| red blood cells rapidly divide; without folate, RBC precursor cells (in the bone marrow) enlarge but become unable to form new DNA therefore megaloblasts are released into the blood stream (cannot carry oxygen properly) |
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Definition
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Definition
| characterized by large, immature RBCs; because of their shape, they cannot carry normal (adequate) amounts of oxygen |
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Definition
| part of coenzymes that assist in DNA synthesis, homocysteine metabolism, maintaining the myelin sheaths in certain nerve cells (without B-12, segments of the myelin sheath are destroyed gradually, which can lead to paralysis) |
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Term
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Definition
vitamin B-12 is natural bound by proteins that prevent absorption
1. hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach release it from the protein)
2. binds with intrinsic factor
3. intrinsic factor + b-12 complex are absorbed in the ileum (in the small intestine)
4. once absorbed and transported to the liver (via portal vein), the liver stores 50% of the vitamin |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound produced by certain stomach cells that binds to vitamin B-12 before absorption |
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Definition
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| pernicious anemia, characterized by nerve damage and megaloblastic RBCs; some people just cannot produce intrinsic factor (similar to lactose intolerant) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor production decrease with age, therefore around 15% of people over 60 are vitamin B-12 deficient |
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Term
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Definition
| since pernicious anemia results from defective absorption rather than inadequate intakes, therapy is monthly vitamin B-12 shots or nasal gel |
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Term
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Definition
| adequate folate can mask B-12 deficiency making it harder to diagnose |
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Definition
| coenzymes that is involved with energy metabolism; deficiencies are rare |
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Definition
| coenzyme that is involved with energy metabolism; deficiencies are rare; bacteria in the large intestine can synthesize biotin so we get some of our needs met |
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Definition
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| fibrous protein that gives strength to connective tissue (bone, teeth, skin, tendons, blood vessels) |
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Definition
| scurvy; petechiae (pinpoint hemorrhages in skin), bruises, gums swell and become spongy, teeth loosen and fall out, bleeding gums, old scares opening up (leading to infection, which is how people usually died from scurvy) |
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