Term
| Direct Hard-Hammer Percussion |
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Definition
| Stone capable of conchoidal fracture is struck by another stone to break off pieces in a predictable way |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| weathered surface of a stone |
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Term
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Definition
the striking stone - can be identified by evidence of battering
(oldowan - polyhedron) |
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Term
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Definition
| the piece of stone that is struck by the hammer stone |
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Term
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Definition
| piece removed from core by hammer stone. |
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Term
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Definition
| anything used by prehistoric people identified by microscopic use-wear on edges |
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Term
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Definition
| piece deliberately shaped for one or more tasks - usually created by secondary chipping of a core or flake |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary chipping of a core or flake to produce a formal tool |
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Term
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Definition
| large and small flakes, broken flakes and angular fragments not used |
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Term
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Definition
| a piece that is used but has no or minimal deliberate shaping |
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Term
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Definition
| flat surface near the edge of a core stricken by the hammer stone |
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Term
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Definition
| (of flake) was outside surface of core |
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Term
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Definition
| (of flake) inside the core prior to creation of flake |
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Term
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Definition
| the interior surface has one feature which is adjacent to the platform and impact point |
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Term
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Definition
| flakes that are twice as long as they are wide |
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Term
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Definition
| specially prepared cores in order to control precise size and shape of flake - very difficult to execute (sometimes considered more wasteful) |
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Term
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Definition
| a core shaped into a tool - identified edges trimmed into uniform shape |
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Term
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Definition
| most core tools are called this |
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Term
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Definition
| tool made by retouching a flake |
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Term
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Definition
| flake retouched on only one face |
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Term
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Definition
| flake retouched on two faces: usually tools that require perfect balance - arrow heads |
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Term
| soft hammer direct percussion |
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Definition
| hammer is softer than the stone core (bone, antler, hard wood) and remove large but thin flakes |
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Term
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Definition
| punch is between hammer and tool - almost exclusively on blades |
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Term
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Definition
| pointed tool is used to press small flakes from the edge of a tool |
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Term
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Definition
2.7 million to c. 250, 000 - 300, 000
oldowan technological tradition
Acheulian Technological Tradition |
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Term
| Oldowan Technological Tradition |
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Definition
expedient tools
hammers
anvils
restricted to Africa and warm part of Eurasia (2.7 - 1.6 million years ago) |
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Term
| Acheulian Technological Tradition |
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Definition
follow oldowan
handaxes, scrapers, notches, denticulates
1.6 - 300/250, 000 years ago |
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Term
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Definition
250/300, 000 to 50/30,000 years ago
away from core tools to flake tools
scrapers, denticulates, notches, knives, unificial points.
Europe/Middle East/North Africa - called Mousterian Technological Tradition (associated with Neanderthals)
Africa - Middle Stone Age |
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Term
| Mousterian Technological Tradition |
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Definition
| Middle paleolithic in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa and is associated with NEANDERTHAlS |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle Paleolithic in the rest of Africa |
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Term
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Definition
50/30,000 to 12/10,000 years ago
mostly blades - designed to be replaceable and are more standard
used bone and antler
Aurignacian were likely the first AMH in europe |
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Term
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Definition
| The first AMH in europe - probably overlapped with the last neanderthals (41,000 - 25,000) |
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Term
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Definition
Made by homo erectus
Handaxes, scraper, notch, denticulates. |
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Term
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Definition
| large, bifacially retouched core tools. usually oval or teardrop |
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Term
| Middle paleolithic handaxe |
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Definition
| smaller than acheulian, heart shaped, (cordiform) |
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Term
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Definition
| unifacial retouch to one or more edges. Can be endscrapers, and side scrapers. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually made on blades, unifacial retouch is on the 'end' of the tool. Opposite end from the striking platform. |
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Term
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Definition
| made on flakes or blades, unifacial retouch is on the 'side' of the tool |
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Term
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Definition
| single pronounces concave retouch edge. Used to create shafts for spears. |
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Term
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Definition
| flake where retouch created a jagged edge - used as saws. |
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Term
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Definition
| one UNretouched edge (relatively straight and sharp)on a flake or blade where the opposite edge is deliberately dulled - called backing |
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Term
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Definition
Mousterian and levallois points
Mousterian probably spear heads (if short) and knives (if long) |
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Term
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Definition
| drill - flake tool (blade in UP) where retouch has created a narrow pointed projection: drill or punch holes |
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Term
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Definition
| chisel or screwdriver. single blow broke off flake to make point |
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Term
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Definition
| developed from mousterian, last technological tradition of neanderthals. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
up to 40% middle paleolithic
more tools made on blades
chatelperronian knife is distinctive tool (blade with curved backing on one side that looks like an elongated mousterian backed knife) |
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Term
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Definition
| a blade with curved backing on one side that looks like an elongated mousterian backed knife |
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Term
| chatelperronian endscraper |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
blades and almost all upper paleolithic
distinctive aurignacian endscrapers, strangulated blades, nosed endscrapers, dufour bladelets and bone points |
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Term
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Definition
| Aurignacian I tool type: made on thick blades, often have steep continuous retouch along one or both sides |
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Term
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Definition
| aurignacian I tool type: retouched in the middle, like a waist |
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Term
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Definition
| Aurignacian I tool type: have notches or shoulders on each side of the bit |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny blades with steep retouch on alternate faces and edges |
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Term
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Definition
| split base design, is a definitive marker fossil of the Aurignacian I |
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Term
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Definition
| double pointed steep scraper |
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Term
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Definition
| lower paleolithic notch type |
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Term
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Definition
| discoid, levallois, blade, levallois (point) |
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Term
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Definition
| thin and simple - type of endscraper |
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Term
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Definition
| thick and 'nosed' - type of endscraper |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, flat leaf-shaped reoutched 'tool' - probably too fragile for use and thus likely ceremonial. Soultrean Culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| baton de commandement - may be evidence of hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| used instead of stone point because they could puncture further - wanted a hole in chest cavity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| used of trade and fashion (junk jewellery) |
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Term
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Definition
| used likely for art or fertility rituals |
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Term
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Definition
| tools with more than one use |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| face angled forward, skull case lower down, strong brow-ridge |
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Term
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Definition
| higher skull case, face flatter, still a brow |
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Term
| cro-magnon, anatomically modern human |
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Definition
| small brown, high brain case, face is flat |
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Term
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Definition
| large flakes with lots of cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| flat surface near edge of core |
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Term
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Definition
| bump formed when a core is struck |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary flaking to create the final shape of a tool |
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Term
| blank production strategy |
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Definition
| used to identify different 'tribes' and involved fine motor skills and excellent hand-eye coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| produced with hit-turn-hit technique - most common in middle paleolithic |
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Term
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Definition
| elaborately prepared core before hand to pre-determine shape of flakes |
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Term
| Classic Neanderthal Skull |
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Definition
| flat face, protruding chin, thick pronounced brow ridge. |
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Term
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Definition
| shorter higher cranium than neanderthals. reduction in relative size of face and teeth. |
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Term
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Definition
| moder homo sapien skull - Gravettian, high forehead, small eyebrow ridge, craniam capacity c. 1600, prominent chin, reduced facial size |
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Term
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Definition
| technique essential to symmetrical production of projectiles |
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Term
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Definition
| evidence of production of long, narrow flakes that are relatively uniform |
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Term
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Definition
| indirect percussion tool of antler. Increased quality and efficiency of blade production |
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Term
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Definition
2.4 - 1.8 MYBP
cc. 650
longer arms and smaller body
retained ability to climb, hands capable of precision grip |
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Term
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Definition
1.8 - 200,000
first out of africa
cc 950
'normal' proportions, extremely muscular because they hunted large game with short distance weaponry |
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Term
Robust Australopithecine
Paranthropus robustus |
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Definition
parallel hominin species, mostly vegetarian (teeth) and only in Africa.
2.5 - 1 MYBP |
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Term
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Definition
| middle acheulian tool - characteristic half-moon scars indicate chopping motion |
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