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fundamentals of management
chapter 1, 2, 4, 7 for book fundamentals of management seventh edition
138
Management
Undergraduate 2
09/26/2010

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Term
organization
Definition
a systematic arrangement of people brought together to accomplish some specific purpose
Term
nonmanagerial employees
Definition
people who work directly on a job or task and have to responsibility for overseeing the work of others
Term
managers
Definition
individuals in an organization who direct the activities of others
Term
top managers
Definition
individuals who are responsible for making decisions about the direction of the organizational members
Term
middle managers
Definition
individuals who are typically responsible for translation goals set by top managers into specific details that lower-level managers will see get done
Term
first-line managers
Definition
supervisors responsible for directing the day to day activities of nonmanagerial employees
Term
management
Definition
the process of getting things done efectively and efficiently, through and with other people
Term
efficiency
Definition
Doing things right, or getting the most output from the least amount of inputs
Term
effectiveness
Definition
doing the right things, or completing activities so that organizational goals are attained
Term
scientific management
Definition
the use of scientific methods to define the 'one best way' for a job to be done
Term
planning
Definition
includes goals, establishing strategy, and developing plans to coardinate activities
Term
organizing
Definition
includes determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made
Term
leading
Definition
includes motivating employees, directing the activities of others, selecting the most effective communication channel, and resolving conflicts
Term
controlling
Definition
the process of monitoring performance comparing it with goals, and correcting any signifcant deviations
Term
managerial roles
Definition
specific categories of managerial behavior; often grouped under three primary headings: interpersonal relationships, transfer of information, and decision making
Term
interpersonal roles
Definition
involve people (subordinates and persons outside the organization) and other duties that are ceremonial and symbolic in nature
Term
informational roles
Definition
involve collecting receiving, and disseminating information
Term
decisional roles
Definition
entail making decisions or choices
Term
conceptual skills
Definition
a manager's ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations
Term
interpersonal skills
Definition
a manager's ability to work with, understand, mentor, and motivate others, both indibidually and in groups
Term
technical skills
Definition
job-specific knowledge and technniques needed to perform work tasks.
Term
political skills
Definition
a manager's ability to build a power base and establish the right connections
Term
small business
Definition
an independent business having fewer than 500 employees and which does not necessarily engage in any new or innovaive practices and which has relaively little impact on its industry
Term
division of labor
Definition
the breakdown of jobs into narrow repetitive tasks
Term
industrial revolution
Definition
the advent of machine power, mass production, and efficient transportation begun in the late eighteenth centuryin Great Britain
Term
scientific management
Definition
the use of the scientific method to define the one best way for a job to be done
Term
general administrative theorists
Definition
writers who developed general theories of what managers do and what constitutes good management practice
Term
principles of management
Definition
fayol's fundamental or universal principles of management practice
Term
hawthorne studies
Definition
research done in the late 1920's and early 1930's devised by Western Electric industrial engineers to examine the effect of different work enviroment changes on worker productivity, which led to a new emphasis on the human factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.
Term
organizational behavior
Definition
the field of study that researches the actions of people at work
Term
quantitative approach
Definition
the use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making
Term
total quality management
Definition
a management philosophy devoted to continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expetations
Term
systems approach
Definition
an approach to management that views an organization as a system which isa set fo interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.
Term
open systems
Definition
systems that dynamically interact with its environment
Term
contingency approach
Definition
an approach to management that says that organizations, employees, and situations are different and require different ways of managing
Term
intranet
Definition
a private computer network that uses internet technology and is accessible only to organizational members
Term
technology
Definition
any equipment, tools, or operation methods that are designed to make work more efficient
Term
global village
Definition
refers to the concept of a boundaryless world where goods and services are produced and marketed worldwide
Term
multinational corporation
Definition
any type of international company that maintains operations in multiple countries
Term
multidomestic corporation
Definition
an MNC that decentralizes management and other decisions to the loal country where it's doing business
Term
multinational corporation
Definition
any type of international company that maintains operations in multiple countries
Term
global corporation
Definition
an MNC that centralizes management and other decisions in the home country
Term
transnational organization
Definition
a structural arrangement for global organizations that eliminates artificial geographical barriers
Term
global sourcing
Definition
purchasing materials or labor from around the would wherever it is cheapest
Term
exporting
Definition
making products domestically and selling them abroad
Term
importing
Definition
acquiring products made abroad and selling them demestically
Term
licensing
Definition
an agreement primarily used by manufacturing businesses in which an organization gives another the right for a fee, to make or sell its products, using its technology or product specifications
Term
franchising
Definition
an agreement primarily used by service businesses in which an organization gives another organization the right, for a fee, to use its name and eperating methods
Term
global strategic alliance
Definition
a partnership between an organization and a foreign compay partner in which resources are knowlegde are shared in developing new products or building producion facilities
Term
joint venture
Definition
a specific type of strategic alliance in which the partners agree to form a separate, independent organization for some business purpose
Term
joint venture
Definition
a specific type of strategic alliance in which the partners agree to form a separate, independent organization for some business purpose
Term
foreign subsidary
Definition
a direct investment in a foreign country that involves setting up a separate and independent facility or office.
Term
parochialism
Definition
a narrow in which managers see things oly through their own eyes and from their own perspective
Term
global leadership and organizational behabior effectiveness
Definition
a program taht studies cross cultural leadership behaviors.
Term
green management
Definition
when managers recognize and consider the impact of their organization and its practices on the natural envionment
Term
social responsibility
Definition
a business firm's intention, beyond its legal and economic obligations, to do the right things and act in ways that are good for society
Term
social obligation
Definition
when a business firm engages in social actions because of its obligation to meet certain economic and legal responsibilities
Term
social responsiveness
Definition
when a business firm engages in social actions in response to some popular social need
Term
ethics
Definition
a set of rules or principles that defines right and wrong conduce
Term
code of ethics
Definition
a formal document that states an organization's primary values and the ethical fules it wxpects managers and nonmanagerial employees to follow
Term
workforce diversity
Definition
ways in which people in a workforce are similar and defferent from one another i terms of gender, age, race, sexual orientation, ethnicity, cultural background, and pysical abilities and disabilities
Term
gen y
Definition
a population group that includes individuals born from about 1978 to 1994
Term
family-friendly benefits
Definition
benefits that provide a wide range of scheduling options that allow employees more flexibility at work, accommidating their needs for work/life balance
Term
contigent workforce
Definition
part-time, temporary, and contrach workers who are available for hire on an as-needed basis
Term
empowerment
Definition
when employees have decision-making discretion
Term
continuous improvement
Definition
an organization's commitment to continually improving the quality of a product or service
Term
kaizen
Definition
the japanese term for an orgation's commitment to continuous improvement
Term
work process engineering
Definition
radical or quantum change in an organization
Term
strategic management
Definition
what managers do to develop an organization's strategies
Term
strategies
Definition
plans for how the organization will do what it's n business to do, how it will compete successfully, and how it will attract its customers in order to achieve its goals
Term
strategic management process
Definition
a six-step process that encompasses strategy planning, implementation, and evolution
Term
mission
Definition
a statement of an organization's purpose
Term
opportunities
Definition
positive trends in the external environment
Term
threats
Definition
negative trends in the external environment
Term
resources
Definition
an organization's assets that it uses to develop manufacture, and deliver products to its customers.
Term
capabilities
Definition
an organization's skills and abilities in dong the wokd activities needed in its business
Term
core competencies
Definition
the major value-crediting capabilities of an organization
Term
strengths
Definition
any activities the organization does well or any unique resources that it has
Term
weakness
Definition
activities the organization doesn't do will or resources it needs but doesn't possess
Term
SWOT analysis
Definition
the combined external and internal acronym. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
Term
corporate strategy
Definition
an organizational strategy that specifies waht businesses a company is in or wants to be in and what it wants to do with those businesses
Term
growth strategy
Definition
a corporate strategy in which an organization expands the number or markets served or products offered either through its current businesses or through new businesses
Term
stability strategy
Definition
a corporate strategy in which an organization continues to do what it is currently doing
Term
renewal strategy
Definition
a corporate strategy taht addresses declining organizational performance
Term
competitive strategy
Definition
an organizational strategy for how an organiation will compete in this business
Term
strategic business units
Definition
an organization's single business that are endependedt and formulate their own competitive strategies
Term
competitive advantage
Definition
what sets an organization apart, its distinctive edge
Term
cost leadership strategy
Definition
when an organization competes on the basis of having the lowest cost in uts industry
Term
differentiation strategy
Definition
when an organization competes on the basis of having unique products that are widely valued by customers
Term
focus strategy
Definition
when an organization competes in a narrow segment or niche with either a cost focus or a differentiation focus
Term
functional strategies
Definition
the strategies in an organizations various functional department to support the competitive strategy
Term
benchmarking
Definition
the search for the best practices among competitors that lead to their superior performance.
Term
goals
Definition
desired outcomes or targets
Term
plans
Definition
documents that outline how goals are giong to be met
Term
stated goals
Definition
official statements of what an organization says. and wants its stockholders to believe. Its goals are
Term
real goals
Definition
those goals an organization actually persues as shown by what the organization's members are doing
Term
traditional goal setting
Definition
goals set by top managers flow down through the organization and become subgoals for each organizational area
Term
means-end chain
Definition
an integrated network of goals in which higher level goals are linked to lower-level goals, which serve as the means for their accomplishment
Term
management by objectives
Definition
a precess of setting mutually agreed upon goals and using those goals to evaluate employees perfermance
Term
strategic plans
Definition
plans that apply to the entire organization and encompass the organization's overall goals.
Term
tactical plans
Definition
plans that specify the details of how the overall goals are to be achievedd
Term
long-term plans
Definition
plans with a time frame beyond three years
Term
short-term plans
Definition
plans with a time frame of one year or less
Term
specific plans
Definition
plans that are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation
Term
directional plans
Definition
plans that are flexible and set general guidelines
Term
single-use plan
Definition
a one-time plan specifically designed to meet the needs of a unique situation
Term
standing plans
Definition
plans that are ongoing and provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly
Term
commitment concept
Definition
the idea that plans shold extend for enough to meet those commitments made when the plans were developed
Term
formal planning department
Definition
a group of planning specialists whose sole responsibilities is to help write the various organizational plans
Term
enviromental scanning
Definition
an analysis of the external environment that involve screening large amounts of information to detect emerging trends
Term
competitive intelligence
Definition
a type of environmental scanning that gives managers accurate information about competitors
Term
change agents
Definition
peole who act as change catalysts and assume the responsibility for mananing the change process
Term
"calm waters" metaphor of change
Definition
a description of organizational change that likens that change to a large ship making a predictable trip across a calm sea and experiencing an occasional storm
Term
"white-water rapids" metaphor of change
Definition
a description of organizational change that likens that change to a small raft navigating a raging river
Term
organization development
Definition
efforts that assist organizational members with a planned change by forcusing on their attitudes and values
Term
survey feedback
Definition
a method of assessing employees attitudes toward and perceptions of a change
Term
process consultation
Definition
using outside consultants to asses organizational processes such as workflow, informal intro-unit relationships, and formal communication channels
Term
team-building
Definition
using activities to help work groups set goals, develop positive interpersonal relationships, and clarify the roles and responsibilities of each team member
Term
intergroup development
Definition
activities that attempt to make several work groups more cohesive
Term
stress
Definition
the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure placed on them from extraordinary demands, constrint, or opportunities
Term
karoshi
Definition
a japanese term that refers to a sudden death caused by overworking
Term
stressors
Definition
factors that cause stress
Term
role conflicts
Definition
work expectations that are hard to satisfy
Term
role overload
Definition
having more work to accomplish than time permits
Term
role ambiguity
Definition
when role expectations are not clearly understood
Term
type A personality
Definition
people who have a chronic sense of urgency and an excessive competitive drive
Term
Type B personality
Definition
people who are relaxed and easygong and accept change easily
Term
employee assistance programs
Definition
programs offered by organizations to help employees overcome personal and healthrelated problems
Term
wellness programs
Definition
programs offered by organizations to help employees prevent health problems
Term
creativity
Definition
the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual associations between ideas
Term
innovation
Definition
the process of taking a creative idea and turning it into a useful product service, or method of operation
Term
idea champions
Definition
individuals who actively and enthusiastically support new ideas, build support for, overcome resistance to, and ensure taht innovations are implemented
Term
entrepreneurship
Definition
the process of starting new businesses, generally in response to opportunities
Term
entrepreneurial ventures
Definition
organizations that pursue opportunities, are characterized by innovative practices, and have grwoth and profitability as thie main goals
Term
small business
Definition
an independent business having fewer than 500 employees that does't necessarily engage in any new or innovative practices and that has relatively little impact on its indusrty
Term
business plan
Definition
a written document that summarizes a businessoportunity and defines and articulates how the identified opportunity is to be seized and exploited
Term
proactive personality
Definition
a personality trait describing those individuals who are more prone to take actions to influence their environment
Term
harvesting
Definition
exiting a venture when an entrepreneur hopes to capitalize financially on the investment in the venture
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