Term
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Definition
| Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, & Danger |
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Term
| What is harmful dysfunction? |
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Definition
| Implies a dysfunction in one of the specific areas of the 4 D's |
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Term
| Who is associated with harmful dysfunction? What did he find interesting about it specifically? |
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Definition
| Jerome Wakefield -- interested when a vulnerability becomes a disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| When a stone instrument, or "trephine," was used to cut away a circular section of the skull in hopes of releasing evil spirits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the anti-psychiatry movement because he finds it as a form of social control. |
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Term
| What causes mental illness according to Hippocrates and what model is this? |
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Definition
| An imbalance of humors causes dysfunction/mental illness. We create balance in our relationships and our bodies. *psychogenic |
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Term
| What is the somatogenic persepective? |
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Definition
| The view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes. |
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Term
| What is the psychogenic perspective? |
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Definition
| The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological. |
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Term
| Who coined the term 'hysteria'? |
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Definition
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Term
| What model was used when treatment options were trephination and/or exorcisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first doctor to specialize in the treatment of mental illness? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the theme of 19th century care |
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Definition
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Term
| Who do you associate moral treatments with in terms of France? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who do you associate moral treatments with in terms of England? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who do you associate moral treatments with in terms of the US? |
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Definition
| Benjamin Rush & Dorothea Dix |
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Term
| In what way was Emil Kraeplin influential in the return of the medical/somatogenic model? |
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Definition
| Taxonomy disorder; developments in physiology & neurology (the increasing localization of brain function and understand the nervous system) |
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Term
| In what way was Kraft-Ebing influential in the return of the medical/somatogenic model? |
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Definition
| His explanation of general paresis |
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Term
| What is the connection between Mesmer, Breuer and Freud? |
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Definition
| All worked with hypnosis *psychoanalysis. |
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Term
| What is a scientist practitioner? |
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Definition
| They base their practice on research rather than intuition. Obligation to continue to do research. |
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Term
| What kinds of treatment do we offer now? |
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Definition
| Psychotropic medication, ECT, psychosurgery, outpatient care, short-term hospitalization, individual counseling, and community mental health. |
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Term
| What is evidence-based practice? |
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Definition
| Demonstrates that treatment you’re offering has a body of evidence behind it. Medically supported. |
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Term
| Who developed the theory of psychoanalysis and explain a little bit about it? |
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Definition
| Sigmund Freud; holds that many forms of abnormal and normal psychological functioning are psychogenic. |
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Term
| What is the term for medication used to treat mental disorders? |
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Definition
| Psychotropic medications; includes antipsychotic drugs which correct distorted thinking: antidepressant drugs, antianxiety drugs. |
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Term
| What is deinstitutionaliziation? |
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Definition
| Releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals because of the the discovery of new medications and the inadequate care of asylums. |
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Term
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Definition
| When subjects are not representative of the larger population |
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Term
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Definition
| Reliability and validity of research instruments |
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Term
| Define observer-expectancy bias and how is it avoided? |
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Definition
| When the researcher tries to look for the evidence needed to prove their theory (avoided by blind observation) |
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Term
| Define subject-expectancy bias and how is it avoided? |
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Definition
| Creates a placebo effect (can be avoided by double-blind procedure or the use of a control group) |
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Term
| What are the potential biases? |
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Definition
| Sample bias; measurement bias; observer-expectancy bias; subject-expectancy bias |
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Term
| What is the independent variable? |
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Definition
| The variable being manipulated |
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Term
| What is the dependent variable? |
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Definition
| The variable being observed |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of research participants who are not exposed to the independent variable under investigation |
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Term
| What is an experimental group? |
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Definition
| The group of participants who are exposed to to the independent variable |
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Term
| What is random assignment? |
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Definition
| Any selection procedure that ensures that every participant in the experiment is as likely to be placed in one group as the other |
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Term
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Definition
| When experimenters prevent participants from finding out which group they are in |
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Term
| What are the psychodynamic developmental stages? |
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Definition
| anal (0-3), phallic (3-5), latency (5-12) & genital (12+) |
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Term
| What is the diathesis-stress model? |
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Definition
| People must first have a biological, psychological, or sociocultural predisposition to develop a disorder and THEN be subjected to episodes of severe stress |
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Term
| What are the major causes of dysfunction from a biological perspective? |
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Definition
| localized trauma (the case of Phineas Gage); disruption in function (abnormal development of the cerebellum in autism); inheritance/genetic transmission |
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Term
| What is the major form of biological perspective? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who do we associate classical conditioning with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major causes of dysfunction from a behavioral perspective? |
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Definition
| Classical conditioning & operant conditioning |
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Term
| What is an unconditioned response? |
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Definition
| Something that automatically produces a reflex response |
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Term
| What is a conditioned response? |
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Definition
| A learned response that is under the control of a stimulus |
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Term
| Who do we associate with the biological model? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who do we associate with operant conditioning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain a little about operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| Includes positive & negative conditioning; voluntary behaviors that are shaped by consequences of behaviors; REINFORCEMENT (reward and consequences) |
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Term
| Who do we associate with the humanistic-existential approach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major causes of dysfunction from a humanistic-existential perspective? |
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Definition
| The road to dysfunction begins in infancy. We need to receive positive regard from the important people in our lives .Those who receive unconditional (nonjudgemental) positive regard early in life are able to recognize their self worth |
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Term
| What is a conditioned stimulus? |
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Definition
| A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. (That was easy button) |
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Term
| Who do we associate with the cognitive approach? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who coined the term 'musterbation'? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major causes of dysfunction from a cognitive-behavioral perspective? |
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Definition
| Assumptions and attitudes and beliefs affect how you feel. |
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Term
| What are the major causes of dysfunction from a socio-cultural perspective? |
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Definition
| Societal labels and roles; social networks and support; family structure and communication; culture and religion |
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Term
| What is Rational Emotive Therapy? |
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Definition
| It’s not what happens to you that makes you depressed, it’s what you tell yourself what happened. Be more systematic and question what you’re thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| Species predisposition to develop phobia of something we have a long evolutionary history of (e.g. thunder, heights) |
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Term
| What does the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical-Axis do? |
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Definition
| Activates the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What are they key types of phobia? |
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Definition
| Blood/injury, situational, natural/environmental, animal |
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Term
| What’s the difference between an obsession and a compulsion? |
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Definition
| Both involve rituals but a compulsion provides a necessary feeling of relief |
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Term
| What is thought-action fusion? |
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Definition
| The idea that someone with OCD’s intrusive thoughts are equivalent to actions and capable of causing harm |
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Term
| How does the peripheral nervous system endocrine system work in the stress response? |
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Definition
| The somatic (controls muscles), autonomic (regulates the cardiovascular system, the endocrine system; and to a degree digestion and the regulation of body temperature) |
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Term
| How does the endocrine system work in the stress response? |
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Definition
| Releases hormones directly into the bloodstream – eg epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and cortisol (the stress hormone) |
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Term
| What are biological explainations for PTSD? |
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Definition
| The traumatic experience triggers neurochemical changes – creating abnormal cortisol and norepinephrine activity |
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Term
| What are the two main types of somatoform disorder? |
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Definition
| Conversion & amnesic dissociation |
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Term
| What is an example of a psychophysiological test? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is neurophysiological assessment? |
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Definition
| Neuroimaging techniques that look for deficit in area of the brain. fMRI-seeing brain in real time |
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Term
| What is neuropsychological assessment? |
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Definition
| Find disorder outside of technology (without looking at the brain at first), use technology to find root of psychological problem (suspect there’s something wrong with the function of the brain) |
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Term
| What is general adaptation syndrome and who do we associate it with? |
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Definition
| Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion. Stress not dealt with accumulates and harms one’s health; Hans Selye |
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Term
| What are conversion disorders? |
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Definition
| People translate a social issue into a physical impairment subconsciously. Person doesn’t see this as a psychological condition—look for physical source. Treatment: help resolve psychological issue that causes this somatic response. (think of blind girl from alien movie) |
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Term
| What is Munchausen’s syndrome? |
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Definition
| When someone creates a condition to receive attention/fulfill needs |
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Term
| Explain dissociative identity disorder? |
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Definition
Multiple personalities are individual ways of coping with particular triggers in the environment
Aim of treatment: find other ways of managing anxiety, teach other ways of coping so one can fuse personalities into one dominant personality |
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Term
| What is the biological challenge test? |
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Definition
| Test to see your own sensitivity to stimuli. Stress tests. Some people are more sensitive to internal increase in physiological function that is associated with anxiety |
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Term
| What is social learning theory and who do we associate it with? |
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Definition
| Learning is complex and human; Bandura |
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Term
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Definition
| The psychologist has to to write whether or not the client is displaying one or more of the disorders found on Axis I, an extensive list of clinical syndromes that cause significant impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes longstanding problems that are frequently overlooked in the presence of the disorder on Axis I; there are only two types of disorders in Axis II (mental retardation & personality disorders) |
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Term
| What does Axis III serve? |
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Definition
| Asks for information concerning relevant general medical conditions from which the person is frequently suffering |
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Term
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Definition
| Asksa bout special psychosocial or environmental problems the person is facing, such as school or housing problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires the diagnostician to make a global assessment of functioning (GAF) to rate the person's psychological, social, and occupational functioning overall |
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Term
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Definition
| The psychologist has to to write whether or not the client is displaying one or more of the disorders found on Axis I, an extensive list of clinical syndromes that cause significant impairment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Includes longstanding problems that are frequently overlooked in the presence of the disorder on Axis I; there are only two types of disorders in Axis II (mental retardation & personality disorders) |
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Term
| What does Axis III serve? |
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Definition
| Asks for information concerning relevant general medical conditions from which the person is frequently suffering |
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Term
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Definition
| Asksa bout special psychosocial or environmental problems the person is facing, such as school or housing problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires the diagnostician to make a global assessment of functioning (GAF) to rate the person's psychological, social, and occupational functioning overall |
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