Term
|
Definition
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Increase could be
dehydration
renal failure
acidosis
cellular/tissue damage
hemolysis of the specimen
Decrease could be...
NPO status when potassium replacment is inadequate
Excessive use of non potassium sparing diuretics
vomiting
malnutrition
diarrhea
alkalosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
90yr or younger 136-145 mEq/L
Older than 90 132-146 mEq/L
Increase in
cardiac or renal failure
hypertension
excessive amoutn of IV fluids containing normal saline
edema
dehydration (hemoconcentration)
Decrease in
nasogastric drainage
vomiting and diarrhea
excessive use of laxatives or diuretics
excessive amounts amounts of IV fluids containing water
Syndrome of inappropriate antiduretic hormone (SIADH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
90yr or younger 98-106 mEq/L
Older than 90 98-111 mEq/L
increase in
respiratory alkalosis
dehydration
renal failure
excessive amounts of IV fluids containing sodium chloride
decrease in
excessive nasogastric drainage
vomiting
excessive use of duiretics
diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60 yr or younger 23-30 mEq/L
60-90 yr: 23-31 mEq/L
Older than 90 yr: 20-29 mEq/L
increase in
chronic pulmonary disease
inetstinal obstruction
vomiting or nasogastric suctioning
metabolic alkalosis
decrease in
hyperventilation
diabetic ketoacidosis
diarrhea
lactic acidosis
renal failure
salicylate toxici |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60 yr or younger 70-110 mg/dL
60-90 yr: 82-115 mg/dL
Older than 90 yr: 75-121 mg/dL
increase in
hyperglycemia
excessive amoutns of IV fluids containing glucose
stress
steroid use
pancreatic or hepatic disease
decrease in
hypoglycemia
excess insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
females
60 yr or younger 0.5-1.1mg/dL
60-90 yr: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
Older than 90 yr: 0.6-1.3 mg/dL
males
60 yr or younger 0.6-1.2mg/dL
60-90 yr: 0.8-1.3 mg/dL
Older than 90 yr: 1.0-1.7 mg/dL
increase in
renal damage with destruction of large number of nephrons
renal insufficiency
acute renal failure
chronic kidney disease
end stage kidney diseae (ESKD)
decrease in
atrophy of muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
| blood urea nitrogen (bun) |
|
Definition
60 yr or younger 10-20 mg/dL
60-90 yr: 8-23 mg/dL
Older than 90 yr: 10-31 mg/dL
increase in
dehydration
renal failure
excessive protein in diet
liver failure
decrease in
overhydration
malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| prothombin time (pro time, PT) |
|
Definition
11-12.5 seconds
increase in
coagulation defect (bleeding disorder)
vitamin K deficiency
decrease in
coagulation (clotting) disorder, such as thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolus |
|
|
Term
| International normalized ratio (INR) |
|
Definition
0.7-1.8
increase in
anticoagulant therapy (aspirin, warfarin)
decrease in
extensive cancer |
|
|
Term
| partial thromboplastin time, activated (aPTT) |
|
Definition
30-40 seconds
increase in
coagulation defect (bleeding disorder)
anticoagulant therapy (heparin)
liver disease
decrease in
coagulation (clotting) disorder, such as thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolus
extensiv cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5000-10000/mm3
increase in
infection
inflammation
stress
tissue necrosis
decrease in
immune disorder
immunosuppressant therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
females
18-44yr: 12-16 g/dL
45-64yr: 11.7-16 g/dL
65-74yr: 11.7-16.1 g/dL
Males
18-44yr: 14-18g/dL
45-64yr: 13.1-17.2g/dL
65-74yr: 11.7-16.1 g/dL
increase in
dehydration
polycythemia
chronic pulmonary disease
congestive heart failure
decrease
blood loss
anemia
renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
females
18-44yr: 35-45%
45-74yr: 37-47%
Males
18-44yr: 42-52%
45-64yr: 39-50%
65-74yr: 37-51%
increase in
dehydration
polycythemia
high altitude
decrease in
blood loss
anemia
kidney failure |
|
|
Term
| Arterial Blood Gases normal pH: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial Blood Gases normal PaO2: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial Blood Gases normal SaO2: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial Blood Gases normal PaCO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial Blood Gases normal HCO3: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what PaO2 and SpO2 levels are tissues adequately ventilated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what PaO2 and SpO2 are patients with chromic hypoxemia w/ no cardiac complications properly pefused with continuous O2 therapy perscribed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what PaO2 and SpO2 are tissues hypoxemic and inadequately perfused? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
9-10.5 total
4.65-5.28 ionized
increases: excess intakey, dehydraton, cancer, hyperparathyroidism, acidosis, paget's dx
decrease: hyperphosphatemia, renal disease, vit d deficiency, pancreatitis, malnutrion, alkalosis, hypoparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4.2-4.8 times 10^6 cells/mm3 (women)
4.7-5.1 X 10^6/mm3 (men)
Increases: anxiety/stress, bone marrow failure, copd, dehydration, polycythemia
Decreases: anemia, bleeding, chemotherapy, cancer, nutritional deficits, fluid overload |
|
|
Term
| normal output of urine in mL in 24 hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does normal urine consist of ? |
|
Definition
| 96% water and 4% solutes organic solutes(urea, ammonia, creatinine, uric acid) inorganic solutes (sodium, chloride, potassium, sulfate, magnesium, and phosphorus) |
|
|
Term
| what does output of urine less than 30mL/hr indicate? |
|
Definition
| decreased blood flow to the kidneys and should be immediately reported |
|
|
Term
| what should the normal color of urine be? |
|
Definition
| normal is clear, straw amber colored and transparent |
|
|
Term
| what does dark amber colored, cloudy, dark orange, red or dark brown mucous plugs, viscid thick urine indicate? |
|
Definition
| red blood cells in urine may be pink , bright red, or rusty(hematuria) White blood cells, bacteria, pus,sperm, vaginal drainage or contaminants may cause cloudiness |
|
|
Term
| what is normal odor characteristic for urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is abnormal odor of urine called? |
|
Definition
| offensive, some foods may cause odor or urine specimen that is contaminated by bacteria from perineum |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal specific gravity for urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is abnormal specific gravity for urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is normal pH of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is abnml pH of urine |
|
Definition
| below 4.5 or over 8 concentrated more specific gravity diluted has lower |
|
|
Term
| is glucose finding normal in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can cause low pH (acidic) in urine |
|
Definition
| starvation, diarrhea, diet high in protein foods or cranberries |
|
|
Term
| what does glucose in the urine mean |
|
Definition
| high blood glucose levels (greater than 180mg/dL) indicative of undiagnosed or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
| what does ketones in urine indicate? |
|
Definition
| uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, somebody who is in a state of starvation, or have ingested aexcessive amounts of protein |
|
|
Term
| what does blood in the urine indicate? |
|
Definition
| the presence of a UTI, kidney disease, or bleeding from the urinary tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urine remaining in the bladder following voiding normally 50-100 mL |
|
|
Term
| is clay or white feces normal? |
|
Definition
| abnl absence of bile pigment (bile obstruction) |
|
|
Term
| What does black or tarry feces indicate? |
|
Definition
| drug (iron) bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small intestine) diet high in red meat and dark green vegetables (spinach) |
|
|
Term
| what does red feces indicate ? |
|
Definition
| bleeding from lower g.i. tract (rectum) some foods (beets) |
|
|
Term
| what do pale feces indicate? |
|
Definition
| malabsorption of fats; diet high in milk and milk products and low in meat. |
|
|
Term
| what do orange or green feces indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| should the consistency of normal feces be formed, soft, and moist? |
|
Definition
| yes it is normal.Abnormal hard dry feces indicates dehydration; decreased intestinal motility resulting from lack of fiber in diet, lack of exercise, emotinal upset, laxative abuse. |
|
|
Term
| if the shape of feces is narrow, pencil, shaped or stringlike what does it indicate? |
|
Definition
| obstructive condition of the rectum. Normal should be cylindrical (contour of the rectum) about 2.5(1in) in diameter in adults |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal amount of feces per day? |
|
Definition
| varies with diet (about 100-400 g/day) |
|
|
Term
| what should the normal odor of feces be? |
|
Definition
| aromatic: affected by ingested food and person's own bacterial flora. Pungent means there is infection or blood present. |
|
|
Term
| what are abnormal constituents in feces? |
|
Definition
| pus (bacterial infections), mucus (inflammatory condition), parasites, blood (GI bleeding), foreign objects (accidental ingestion) |
|
|
Term
| what are normal constituents in feces? |
|
Definition
| small amounts of undigested roughage, sloughed dead bacteria and epithelial cells, fat, protein, dried constituents of digestive juices (bile, pigments, inorganic matter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chief end product of amino acid metabolism, formed from ammonia detoxified by the liver, circulated in the blood and transported to the kidneys for excretion in the urine. |
|
|
Term
| what does increase in white blood cell count mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.6-2.6
increase: overuse of antacids, dehydration, hypothyroidism, renal insufficiency
decrease: inadequate intake, hypercalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
150-400 times 10^3
increase: malignancy, acute infections, polycythemia vera, primary thrombocytosis
decrease: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, leukemias, anemias, risk for bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein in plasma; maintains osmotic pressure
decrease: liver disease, burns, severe malnutrition
increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease: liver damage to illness or disease |
|
|
