Term
| What is the term for signaling chemicals sent between nerve & nerve and nerve & muscle? |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter Substance |
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Term
| Who discovered the first neurotransmitter and what was it? |
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Definition
| Otto Loewi; Acetyl Choline (regulates heart activity) |
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Term
| What is a cell type that communicates information by electrical and chemical means? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the rate of nerve conduction for an unmyelinated neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Rate of conduction increases with the diameter of the neuron. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a long thin process from a neuron that receives information? How many does a cell have? |
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Definition
| Dendrite; usually has 4 to 5 then they branch |
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Term
| Name the portion of the neuron where nerve messages flow out of the cell body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the nervous system gathers & detects info to send to the spinal cord or brain? |
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Definition
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Term
| Which part of the nervous system integrates & stores info and generates a response? |
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Definition
| Central Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord) |
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Term
| What are the two types of neurons and what do they do? Is each one myelinated or not? |
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Definition
Motor: sends signals to muscles & glands
Sensory: transduces signals & sends them to the brain
Both are myelinated |
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Term
| Are neurons myelinated in the PNS or the CNS? |
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Definition
| ALL axons in PNS and some in CNS |
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Term
| What type of neuron lies completely inside the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where on the neuron does the action potential begin? Where is the electrical signal turned into a chemical signal? |
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Definition
| Axon Hillock; End of the axon of the Pre-Synaptic Neuron |
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Term
| Permeability to what ions is associated with depolarization and which with repolarization? |
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Definition
| Depolarization = Na; Repolarization = K |
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Term
| What are the inputs to a neuron summed? What is the result of this? |
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Definition
| At the Axon Hillock of the post-synaptic neuron; If they add-up to be strong enough it will generate an action potential |
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Term
| What delays the opening of the Potassium Gated Channels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two toxins block Na channels? What is their effect? |
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Definition
| Tetrodotoxin & Saxitoxin; can't open Na channels - can't fire action potential - can't have muscle contraction - paralysis |
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Term
| What guarantees that the wave of depolarization is unidirectional? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells are responsible for myelination in the PNS and CNS & what protein is unique to each of these? |
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Definition
PNS: Schwann Cells - PO
CNS: Oligodendrocytes - Proteolipid |
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Term
| What two things effect the velocity of an action potential? |
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Definition
| Myelination (10x unmyelinated) and Nerve Thickness (proportional to speed) |
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Term
| Describe Saltatory Conduction. |
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Definition
| Action potentials jump to Nodes of Ranvier which are concentrated with voltage gated Na channels |
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Term
| What does depolarization of the axon terminal cause? |
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Definition
| opening of voltage gated Ca channels which causes the release of neurotransmitters |
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Term
| T/F Neurotransmitters are biochemicals that convey signals from neuron to neuron OR neuron to muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is made entirely in the presynaptic cytoplasm, is the major excitatory neurotransmitter, is made by motor neurons & works on skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F After synthesis, the neurotransmitter is taken up into the post-synaptic vesicle. |
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Definition
| False; pre-synaptic vessicle |
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Term
| What does epinephrine synthesis start with, and what is the rate limiting enzyme? |
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Definition
| Tyr; Tyrosine Hydroxylase |
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Term
| Where is dopamine formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two each of the Excitatory, Inhibitory, and Modulatory Neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
Excit: Glutamate (CNS) & ACH (skeletal muscle)
Inhibit: GABA (brain) & Glycine (AA derivative in spinal cord)
Modul: Catecholamines (epi, norepi, dopa) & Neuropeptides |
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Term
| What complex helps the fusion of pre-synaptic vesicles to the membrane? What allows for variation in amount of NT released into synaptic cleft? |
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Definition
| Syntaxin-Synaptobrebin-Snap25; Full Collapse vs Kiss and Run mechanisms |
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Term
| Are neuromodulators such as endorphins true neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
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Term
| What five things are necessary to be considered a Neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
1. Present in Pre-synapse
2. Released with neural stimulation
3. Application to post-synaptic area identical to effect of pre-synaptic depolarization
4. Physiologically proportional to presynaptic stimulus
5. Local mechanism to inactivate the substance |
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Term
| Describe the two ways NT is removed from synapse. |
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Definition
Passive: NT diffuses out of synapse
Active: actively pumped back into pre-synaptic neuron |
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Term
| Which type of receptor mediates fast transmission by binding NT & open up to allow ions to flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of receptor uses G proteins and a second messenger? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of receptors for Acetylcholine? Which one makes us of G proteins? |
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Definition
| Muscarinic & Nicotinic: Muscarinic uses G proteins |
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Term
| What two substances bind nicotinic receptors and cause paralysis? |
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Definition
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