Term
| What are the three main characteristics of pleuripotent cells? |
|
Definition
| have indefinite regeneration capability, don't have a lot at one time, when they divide one daughter cell is the same as the original cell & the other is a precursor for whatever cell type it will become |
|
|
Term
| T/F There is a balance between the number of a specific type of cell in the bone marrow and in the whole body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From which stem cell do cells for innate immunity arrise? What cells do they become? |
|
Definition
| Myeloid → Dendritic, Monocyte, Macrophage, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Mast, Basophil, Platelets, & Erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| Which stem cells lead to cells of the adaptive immune system? What are these cells? |
|
Definition
| Lymphoid → NK, T cell, & B cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the most numerous Leukocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells of the innate immune system are phagocytic cells that produce soluble factors that attack Ag? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutrophils roll along endothelium until the detect inflammation, then they extravasate into the area to aid the response (first cells recruited to infection site. |
|
|
Term
| Which granulocyte fights parasites, has a bi-lobed nucleus, is highly mobile, & has red staining granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which granulocyte fights parasitic infection, have blue staining granules, & have low affinity receptors on their surface for IgE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Mast cells must be completely differentiated prior to entering circulation. |
|
Definition
| False; leave formation site undifferentiated then differentiate in circulation |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the IgE of allergens? |
|
Definition
| crosslinking with other receptors |
|
|
Term
| Where are monocytes formed? Name some cells that they differentiate into. |
|
Definition
| Bone Marrow; Macrophages, Kupfer cells, Microglial cells |
|
|
Term
| Which differentiated form of a monocyte has more projections and detects pathogen associated molecular patterns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once bacteria are broken down their peptides are loaded onto what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of lymphoid cells can kill host cells that are infected by virus? What is the signal for it to kill host cells? |
|
Definition
| Natural Killer cells; lack of MHC class I |
|
|
Term
| What are the three Ag presenting cells? |
|
Definition
| Dendritic cells, Macrophages, and B cells |
|
|
Term
| What humoral cell can differentiate into a plasma cell with T cell activation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which adaptive immune cell produces cytokines? What do these secretions do? |
|
Definition
| T helper cells; cytokines activate B cells and cause CD 8 cells to differentiate into CTL's |
|
|
Term
| What cells are important for directing the Cell-Mediated Response? |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic T Cells (CTL's) |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary Lymphoid Organs & what is their function? |
|
Definition
Bone Marrow: hematopietic stem cells, B cell development
Thymus: T cell development |
|
|
Term
| What are the outer and inner regions of the secondary immune organs (& thymus) called? |
|
Definition
| Outer=Cortex, Inner=Medulla; undifferentiated cells enter medulla then migrate to the cortex where they differentiate |
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary Lymphatic organs? |
|
Definition
| Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT, MALT, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Where is Ag often presented to lymphatic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Lymphatic vessels have two way valves & fluid is moved through them by muscle contraction. |
|
Definition
| False; the valves are one way |
|
|
Term
| How are the Lymph Nodes segregated? |
|
Definition
| B cells in the cortex & T cells in the medulla; segregated until cells need to be activated |
|
|
Term
| How is the Spleen structured? |
|
Definition
| blood circulates through T cell white pulp & T cells migrate into B cell zone |
|
|
Term
| Where are Peyer's Patches found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What portion of the variable chain has the greatest variability? |
|
Definition
| CDR (Complimentary Determining Region) |
|
|
Term
| T/F Carbohydrates affect the function of the Ab and are important when developing therapeutic factors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure is required to propagate messages from the IgM to the cytoplasm? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif) with Ig-α and Ig-β receptors; docking site that recruits Tyr to initiate downstream signaling pathway |
|
|
Term
| How long is the cytoplasmic tail of B cell mIgM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Only B cells have ITAM molecules associated with them. |
|
Definition
| False; B and T cells have receptors |
|
|
Term
| What structures are important for modulating how the signal travels through the cell and must function along with an Ag receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of immunoglobulin domains? |
|
Definition
| disulfide bonds forming loops |
|
|
Term
| Describe the MHC class and peptide binding cleft of CD 4 and CD 8 cells. |
|
Definition
CD 4: Class II, α1-β1 binding cleft
CD 8: Class I, α1-α2 binding cleft |
|
|
Term
| Where do the CD8 and CD4 receptors bind the T cell? |
|
Definition
CD 8: α3 segment of MHC I
CD 4: β2 segment of MHC II |
|
|
Term
| Which MHC class can present viral peptides that have infiltrated host cells? What cells do they present to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What MHC class is used to present peptides from invading cells? To what cells do they present? |
|
Definition
| MHC Class II; Macrophages present to Th 1, B cells present to Th2 |
|
|
Term
| How do T cells initially bind APC? How does the affinity increase? |
|
Definition
| LFA-1 to CAM-1 interaction; LFA-1 conformational change → prolonged cell-cell contact |
|
|
Term
| Describe the form and function of lipid rafts. |
|
Definition
| cholesterol dense membrand regions; create a gap-like junction and allow B & T cells to associate quickly |
|
|
Term
| T/F SLP & LAT bring proteins together to form a complex for propagation of signaling pathway. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of CD19 and CD22? |
|
Definition
CD19 sends positive feedback to loop to enhance regulator
CD22 sends negative feedback to induce inhibitory regulator |
|
|
Term
| Don't know how to ask this... |
|
Definition
Ag binds to receptor → CD21 binds C3d which enhances signal → Tyrosine kinase leads to phosphorylation of Tyr on ICAM → positive response to stimulus
If it goes to CD22 → inhibitory receptor |
|
|
Term
| What is the usual result of ITIM activity? |
|
Definition
| reversible phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| What molecules are involved in Signal 2? Which have positive signals & which have negative? Which are expressed in resting T cell? |
|
Definition
Negative: TH cell CTLA-4 interacts with B7 on APC or Bcell
Positive: TH cell CD28 interacts with B7 on APC or B cell
Resting Cell only expresses CD28 |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you do not have both Signal 1 & 2? |
|
Definition
| the T cell will shut down & become anergic |
|
|
Term
| What molecule is being used to control auto-immunity & transplant tolerance? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| CTLA-4; shuts down T cell activation |
|
|
Term
| Getting tired, question asking skills waning, just read the card. |
|
Definition
| CD40L on TH cells is inducibly expressed and interacts with CD40 on T cell Dependent Ag's |
|
|
Term
| T/F Only signals 1 & 2 are required for maximum lymphocyte response. |
|
Definition
| False; 1 & 2 are required for minimal response, you need Signal 3 to induce the full range of cytokines |
|
|
