Term
| What portion of the Immune System is important in adaptive immunity and is where T-cells are formed & mature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What portion of the immune system houses most of the immune cells that deal with blood born infections? |
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Definition
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Term
| What portion of the Immune system consists of small collections of lymphoid tissue that help clear local infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of cells are important for adaptive immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of cells are important in Innate Immunity? |
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Definition
| Macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells |
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Term
| Name the Antigen presenting immune cells. |
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Definition
| Dendritic Cells, B cells, and Macrophages |
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Term
| What types of cells are important in allergic responses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Innate immune response. |
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Definition
| first line of defense, works with adaptive (may be able to clear infection w/o adaptive), almost immediate response, less divers |
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Term
| Describe the Adaptive immune response. |
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Definition
| takes time b/c specific T & B cells must be found & replicated, more specific, more likely to cause auto-immune problems |
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Term
| Name the organs of the body that work via Innate Immunity to protect the host. |
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Definition
| Skin, Mouth & upper alimentary canal, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Airway & Lungs |
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Term
| Describe the process of Phagocytosis. |
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Definition
| Bacteria attaches to membrane, ingested formong a phagosome, phagosome fuses to lysosome, enzymes digest material, digestion products released |
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Term
| Describe the process of Inflammation. |
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Definition
| Tissue damage triggers vasoactive & chemotactic factors that cause increase blood flow & capillary permeability, fluid & cells exudate from capillaires, phagocytes migrate to site via chemotaxis, phagocytes & exudates destroy bacteria |
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Term
| What structures help the innate immune system recognize infection? |
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Definition
| Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) |
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Term
| What are the receptors for microbial components such as LPS, lipoproteins, peptidoglycan & ssRNA? |
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Definition
| Pattern Recognitation Receptors (PRRs), ie. Collectins, CRP, & Toll-like |
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Term
| What type of receptors use an extracellular receptor to interact w/intracellular component to trigger cytokines? How does its recognition work? |
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Definition
| Toll-like Receptors (TLRs); it recognizes classes of bacteria not individual bacteria |
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Term
| What is described as encountering pathogen getting sick then being immune or getting vaccine to get immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is being immune w/o encountering pathogen ie. given Abs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What has B cells that have been triggered to become Plasma cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the most important cell in Cell-mediated Immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of immune cells prodcue cytokines that direct the immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of immune cells are turned on by Th1 cells and directly kill body cells that have been invaded by virus or bacteria inducing apoptosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is described as T regulatory cells & cytokines helping turn T cell response back off after infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What helps combat self-reactive T cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two most important functions of cytokines? |
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Definition
| regulate immune system and therapeutic reagents |
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Term
| What is the term for cytokines made by monocytes? What about those made by activated T cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cytokines are made by leukocytes & act on leukocytes? |
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Definition
| Interleukins; now know lots of cells can make these |
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Term
| What cytokines are important in controlling viral infections & augmenting immune responses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cytokines are important in the maturation of leukocytes? |
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Definition
| Colony-Stimulating Factors |
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Term
| What cytokines are important in directed migration of leukocytes during immune responses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cytokines are involved in stem cell differentiation & other functions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four main functions of Cytokines? |
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Definition
1. Pleiotropic (mediate different fxns)
2. Redundant (can do the same thing)
3. Synergistic (when acting together their fxn is more than additive)
4. Antagonistic (help turn immune system off) |
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Term
| Name 5 properties of cytokines. |
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Definition
1. low MW proteins or glycoproteins
2. Synthesized in active & inactive forms
3. Secretion brief & self-limiting
4. Active at very low concentrations
5. Signal cells by binding specific receptors on target cells |
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Term
| What are the 4 main properties of cytokine receptors? |
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Definition
1. each cytokine has a receptor
2. grouped into 5 families
3. often mutli-chain complexes
4. signaling through receptors requires multiple events |
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Term
| What are the 5 cytokine receptor families? |
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Definition
Immunoglobulin: IL-1
Class I: IL-2 (hematopoietin)
Chemokine: IL-8 & Chemokines
Class II: IFN-α,β,γ (interferon)
TNF: TNF-α,β |
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Term
| What portion of the cytokine receptor actually binds to the cytokine? Which portion send signals to direct cell activity? |
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Definition
Cognate receptor subunit; Signaling receptor subunit
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Term
| How can cytokine receptors send signals to effect transcription? |
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Definition
| JAK's phosphorylate STATs which dimerize & can cross the nuclear membrane in order to effect transcription |
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Term
| What effect occurs when a cytokine acts on the cell that produced it? Give an example. |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect is described as a cytokine acting on adjacent/nearby cells? Give an example. |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect is described as a cytokine acting on distant parts of the body like a hormone? Give an example. |
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Definition
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Term
| What cytokine is an important signal for B cells to continue maturation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cytokine are T cells dependent on for activation after Ag binding? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is aided by cytokines produced by Th1 cells? Give examples of these cytokines. |
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Definition
| Cell-mediated Immunity; IFN-γ and IL-2 |
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Term
| What is aided by cytokines produced by Th2 cells? Give examples of these cytokines. |
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Definition
| Antibody production; IL-4,5,6 |
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Term
| What cytokine is a major growth factor for B cells? What cytokines are involved in isotype switching? |
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Definition
| Growth factor=IL-6; Isotype switching= TGF-β for IgA and IL-4 for IgE |
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Term
| What recognized viral genetic material as foreign? What does their binding lead to? |
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Definition
| TLRs; production of Interferons |
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Term
| What are the two types of interferons and where are they produced? What are their innate & adaptive functions? |
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Definition
Type I: produced by all cells (IFN-α/β)
Type II: prodcued by active Tcells (IFN-γ)
Innate: viral clearance
Adaptive: lymphocyte activation/maturation, induces MHC expression |
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Term
| What portion of the bacteria do TLRs bind? Give examples. |
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Definition
| PAMPS; TLR-4=LPS and TLR-5=flagellin |
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Term
| What three events occur in Acute Phase Response? Which cytokines direct this response? |
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Definition
1. Eliminate invading pathogen
2. Prevent on-going tissue damage
3. Activte repair processes
"Pro-inflammatory" cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-γ |
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Term
| What are 6 characteristics of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha? |
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Definition
| induced by LPS and made by fibroblasts & MO; activates myeloid cells; induce production of cytokines, initiates acute phase response (fever); induces adhesion molecule expression; toxic at high levels (septicemia) |
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Term
| What are the three groups of Acute Phase Proteins? Give examples. |
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Definition
1. Host Defense Proteins: CRP, complement, fibrinogen
2. Proteinase Inhibitors: C1 inhibitor, α1-proteinase inhibitor
3. Anti-oxidants: Haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin |
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Term
| What are chemokines classified by, what are they involved in, and where are they expressed? |
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Definition
| by Cysteine Motifs; inflammation, cell recruitment, lymphocyte trafficking, lymphoid organ development, & wound healing; in primary & secondary lymphoid organs |
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Term
| What are the current cytokine therapies? |
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Definition
IFN-α: chronic myeloid leukemia, Bechet's disease, aggressive oral giant cell tumors
TNF-α: root resorption, refractory posterior uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis, (anti) orofacial granulomatosis
IFN-β: multiple sclerosis |
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Term
| What is defined as a groupd of sequentially reacting protein, which upon activation, mediate a number of biological reactions important to host defense? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tell whether the proteins of Activation, Regulation, and Receptors are Serum Soluble or Membrane Bound. |
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Definition
| Activation=Serum Soluble; Regulation=Both; Receptors=Membrane Bound |
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Term
| What Domain do the following Complement Proteins belong to: Enzymes, Collectins, Cytolytic, Regulatory and Receptor, and True? |
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Definition
Enzymes: Serine Protease Domain
Collectins: Collagen Stalk, Globular Domain, MACPF/CDC superfamily
Regulatory and Receptor: SCR Domain
"True" Complement Proteins: C3,4,5 |
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Term
| T/F The same fragments are generated through both the classical & alternative pathways. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of both cleavage products of C3 and C5? |
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Definition
C3a: Chemotaxis and Inflammation
C3b: Opsonization, Neutralization, and Bcell activation
C5a: Chemotaxis and Inflammation
C5b: Lytic complex formation |
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Term
| Describe the opsonization of C3b. |
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Definition
| covalently binds to surface of invading pathogen via amide (NH2) or ester |
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Term
| What activates complement in each of the three pathways? |
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Definition
Classical: Ag-Ab complexes (uses one IgM or two IgG molecules)
Mannan-Binding Protein: Mannose, N-acetylglucosamine
Alternative: LPS, zymosan |
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Term
| Describe the action of C1q. |
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Definition
| C1q auto-activates C1s & C1r which activates the classical pathway |
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Term
| Describe the make-up and function of C3 convertase. |
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Definition
| C2a + C4b (C2a=enzymatic portion); cleaves C3, when C3b is added to complex it becomes C5 convertase |
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Term
| Describe the way in which the complement system causes a cell to lyse. |
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Definition
| C5b bind C6,7,8 which triggers C9 to form a pore to lyse the cell |
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Term
| What initiates the alternative pathway? Describe it's action. |
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Definition
| C3 tickover; C3 interacts with water which binds Factor B, Factor D cleaved Factor B leaving Factor Bb+C3H20 = Alternative Pathway Initiator Convertase (cleaves C3 & joins classical pathway) |
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Term
| Describe the functions of C3a & C5a. |
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Definition
| Anaphylatoxic & Chemotactic molecules; Degranulation; Increased vascular permeability; Induce cytokine release, adhesion molecules, and acute phase protein expression; Induces respiratory burst |
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Term
| What are the functions of C5b? |
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Definition
| Initiation of the Membrane Attack Complex leading to formation of membranolytic pore-forming complex and signals transduction for cellular events |
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Term
| What are the functions of C3b? |
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Definition
| Opsonization of Ag-Ab complexes for clearance, Solubilization of immune complexes, and neutralization of invading pathogens |
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Term
| What five things regulate complement? |
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Definition
1. Regulation proportional to amount of activator
2. Limited half-life of convertases
3. Inhibitory protein control early activation
4. Carboxypeptidases inactivate anaphylatoxins
5. Inhibitory proteins modulate MAC formation |
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Term
| What is the effect of DAF on Complement? |
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Definition
| DAF binds C3b & prevents Factor B from binding to form C3 Convertase (Alt Path); if convertase is already formed, DAF can increase its decay |
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Term
| What is the effect of CD59 on complement? |
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Definition
| binds C5b,6,7,8 complex & blocks C9 addition = can't form pore complex; if one C9 has already attached CD59 can prevent more from attaching & the pore from growing |
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Term
| Which complement deficiencies cause recurrent bacterial infections? |
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Definition
| Activation Component Deficiencies & Terminal Component Deficiencies (common in Japan → predisposed to Meningitis) |
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Term
| What are the Complement Deficiencies that have to do with Regulatory Components? What about those with Receptor deficiences? |
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Definition
| Reg=HANE(spontaneous inflammation, low C1 inhibitor levels), PNH (spontaneous RBC lysis), & aHUS; Receptor=SLE (also Activation - Lupus) |
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Term
| At what level of the vasculature does leukocyte rolling take place? |
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Definition
| Post-Capillary Venules (b/c the vessels are smaller & blood flow is slower) |
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Term
| What are the four families of adhesion molecules? |
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Definition
1. Selectins: C-type lectins
2. Integrins: Heterodimeric Receptors, β2-Integrins
3. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs): made of Ig Domains
4. Signaling Molecules: chemoattractant & chemokine receptors |
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Term
| What are the physical factors influencing lymphocyte/leukocyte migration? |
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Definition
| Blood Flow, Physical Barriers, and Ability to Detect Infection |
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Term
| What mediates rolling and where are these components found? |
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Definition
| Selectins & Carbohydrate Ligans; P & E-Selectins on endothelial cells, L-Selectins on leukocytes, ligands on both |
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Term
| T/F If you are missing even part of the sLe molecule the leukocytes will not stick. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two ways to see leukocyte rolling? |
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Definition
| Intravital Microscopy and Parallel Plate Flow Chamber |
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Term
| Which Immunoserveillance disorder results in no binding to selectins? |
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Definition
Incomplete Glycosylation of sLewx
(LAD II is a Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency) |
|
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Term
| What does infection interacting with chemotactic receptors and ligands result in? |
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Definition
| Activates endothelial cells and lukocytes, causes "inside-out signaling", gradient-dependent migration of leukocytes |
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Term
| What is the most common conformation of the β2-integrins; what causes them to change conformation? |
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Definition
| closed/unactivated; expression of ICAM increases which results in inside-out signaling causing integrins to be in the open conformation and stick more tightly to the cell |
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Term
| What type of integrin is expressed on neutorphils (PMNs) and Macrophages and is also called CR3 or CD18/CD11b? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the result of missing functional CD18? |
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Definition
| CD18 is part of Mac-1; without it None of the CD's make it to the cell surface to be expressed, neither does CR4 (b/c CR4=CD18/CD11c) |
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Term
| What molecules assist the leukocyte in diapedesis? |
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Definition
Proteases: open space b/w the endothelial cells
PECAM: helps trafficking of cell into tissue, expressed on neutrophil & endothelial cell
Mac-1 & ICAM: interact to help pull cell through
JAM: Junction Adhesion Molecules, expressed on endothelial cells, interact with integrin molecules (act as train tracks) |
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Term
| What molecule mediates rolling only in lymph nodes & why? |
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Definition
| PNAd; b/c you don't want lymphocytes sticking to the rest of your endothelium |
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|
Term
| Where does Naive Lymphocyte Homing occur? |
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Definition
| High Endothelial Venules (found only in lymph nodes) |
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