Term
What hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland and increase general metabolic rates?
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Definition
Triodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
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Term
| What was the first hormone to be discovered? |
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Definition
| "Anti-diabetic Factor" = Insulin |
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Term
| What type of hormones are made & secreted by glands and travel through blood stream to target tissues? What gland system do these come from? |
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Definition
| Endocrine Hormones; Hypothalmic/Pituitary System |
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Term
| What type of hormones are made by local cells in specified tissue and secreted into interstitial fluid surrounding the cells? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Paracrine Hormones; Cholecystokinin-8 (GI Tract Hormone) |
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Term
| What type of hormones are made by the cells that use them (self-modulating)? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Autocrine Hormones; Estradial (supports womb cells) |
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Term
| What type of hormones are made and function entirely withing a single cell, also called 2nd Messeners? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Internal Cell Hormones: cAMP (signals from cell surface to other areas) |
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Term
| T/F Hormones are typically large molecules except for small polypeptide hormones such as growth hormone. |
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Definition
| False; Hormones are small, except polypeptides which are larger |
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Term
| Where is oxytocin made and what does it stimulate? |
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Definition
| Posterior Pituitary Gland; Stimulates Uterine Contraction at Birth |
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Term
| What four factors contribute to hormone availability? |
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Definition
| 1. Half-life 2. Bioavailability (free or bound) 3. Rate of Synthesis 4. Rate of Degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of time a substance exists until it is reduced by half - results in exponential decay |
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Term
| What is the value of knowing half-lives of hormones? |
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Definition
| It's an indicator of how tightly their levels and effects are controlled (and to make an A on the test) - the shorter the half-life the tighter the control |
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Term
| What test is used to detect if someone is diabetic? What is the basis for this test? |
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Definition
| 3 or 5 Hour Glucose Tolerance Test; basis-hormones act quickly and are under tight control so they should dissipate quickly |
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Term
| What is shown by the standard curve produced from Radioactive ImmunoAssays? |
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Definition
| Amount of non-radioactive hormone bound to the antibody |
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Term
| Give an example of an Amino Acid Derived Hormone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a Peptide Hormone. |
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Definition
| Growth Hormone & Oxytocin |
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Term
| What are the two compounds lipid derived hormones can come from? Give an example of each. |
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Definition
Cholesterol: Steroids: Cortisol (anti-inflammatory) & Estradiol (Uterine Function)
Fatty Acid: Prostaglandin (smooth muscle contration) |
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Term
| What type of glands secrete products into a duct? |
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Definition
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Term
| From where does the Endocrine System pecking order start? |
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Definition
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Term
| What endocrine organs are autonomous from the brain? |
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Definition
| Pancreas & Adipose Tissue |
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Term
| What organ is directly effected by the central nervous system without going through the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| At which point in the endocrine "pecking order" are true hormones released? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the portal arterial system carry releasing factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are releasing factors really hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the endocrine pecking order, which organ commonly receives signals from the CNS to release releasing factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do T4 and T3 typically bind to the plasma membrane or nucleus to stimulate an increase in metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Different thermostat preferences, speed, and even personality can result from metabolic differences in what organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Hormones do not function as neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
| False; hormones can act as hormones or neurotransmitters |
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Term
| Name the chemical classes that hormones fall under. |
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Definition
| Peptides, Polypeptides, Amino Acid Derivatives, Steroids, Fatty Acid Derivatives, C Nucleotides |
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Term
| T/F "Peptide hormones" is a collective name for peptides & polypeptides that act as hormones but not for proteins. |
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Definition
| False; also name for proteins that act as hormones |
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Term
| Describe the structure, origin, target, and effect of Thyroid Releasing Hormone and Vasopressin. |
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Definition
TRH: small peptide, from hypothalamus, to anterior pituitary, causes release of TSH
Vasopressin: small peptide, from posterior pituitary, to kidney & arterioles, increases water re-uptake & blood pressure) |
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Term
| What is the official name, structure, origin, target, and effect of Growth Hormone? |
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Definition
| Somatotropin, protein peptide hormone with lots of α-helices, from Anterior Pituitary, to Liver & Bone, causes increase in metabolism & bone growth |
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Term
| What is the structure, origin, and effect of Prolactin? |
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Definition
| protein peptide hormone with extensive α-helices, from anterior pituitary, stimulates milk production |
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Term
| Where are peptide hormones broken down? |
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Definition
| Lysosomes - has acidic environment for destruction |
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Term
| What type of hormone is in low concentration and soluble enough to be transported unbound to any soluble carrier? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of hormone is carried by a soluble protein which is similar to the protein receptor it binds to on cell surfaces? What is an example of this hormone? |
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Definition
| Large Peptide Hormones; ie. Growth Hormone |
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Term
| Give the origin, destination, and function of Corticotropin (ACTH). |
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Definition
| from Anterior Pituitary, to Adrenal Cortex, Steroid synthesis |
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Term
| Give the origin, desitination, and function of Growth Hormone (GH). |
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Definition
| from Anterior Pituitary, to Liver and Bone, Increases general growth & metabolism |
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Term
| Give the origin, destination, and function of Vasopressin. |
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Definition
| from Posterior Pituitary, to Kidneys (blood vessels); Increases water retention & blood pressure |
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Term
| Give the origin, destination, and function of Insulin. |
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Definition
| from Pancreas, to Insulin dependent cells, control Glucose uptake |
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Term
| What type of hormone is insulin? Describe its structure. |
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Definition
| Peptide Hormone; polypeptide w/3 disulfide bonds (1 intrachain & 2 interchain) |
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Term
| What is the role of insulin & what two associated peptide hormones are involved? |
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Definition
| Facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells by means of glucose transport proteins; Glucagon & Somatostatin |
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Term
| Where are insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin produced? |
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Definition
Insulin: B cells of islet cells of Pancreas
Glucagon: A cells of islet cells of Pancreas
Somatostatin: D cells of islet cells of Pancreas |
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Term
| What is insulin's initial single polypeptide form called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Preproinsulin turned into Proinsulin? |
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Definition
| proteolytic enzymes remove signal peptide & disulfide bond forms |
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Term
| Describe the step in which insulin becomes activated. |
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Definition
| the C peptide of proinsulin is lysed to form insulin |
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Term
| Describe the structure of the insulin receptor protein & one thing that it does. |
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Definition
| Tetrapeptide w/2 alpha & 2 beta subunits; delivers GLUT4 to cell surface |
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Term
| Which of the following surface hormones use cAMP mediator? Which are peptides or polypeptides? Corticotropin (ACTH), Epinephrine, Glucagon, Prostaglandins |
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Definition
| All use cAMP; Corticotropin & Glucagon are peptides |
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Term
| What binds the alpha subunit of G protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of Gs and Gi? |
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Definition
| Gs - stimulation of cAMP formation & Gi - inhibition |
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Term
| What breaks down cAMP to AMP? |
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Definition
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Term
| For what hormone is TSHR Protein the receptor and where on the protein does the hormone bind? What does the binding cause? |
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Definition
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone; Leucine rich domain; effects protein near C-terminal end of receptor |
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Term
| What subunits of the G protein diffuse away? What is this a result of? |
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Definition
| The gamma & beta units; GDP being replaced by a new GTP |
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Term
| Name the three locations of Gs Proteins with their stimulus, effector, and effect. |
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Definition
Liver- epinephrine & glucagon, adenylyl cylcase, glycogen breakdowon
Adipose tissue- epinephrine & glucagon, adenylyl cyclase, fat breakdown
Kidney- antidiuretic hormone, adenylyl cyclase, conservation of water |
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Term
| What can inhibit cAMP and what is the result of inhibition? |
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Definition
| Methyl Xanthines such as Caffeine & Theobromine; increased GI motility |
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Term
| What is a significant enzyme in the glycogen breakdown cascade? What is the overall amplification of this cascade? |
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Definition
| Protein Kinase A (PKA); 10,000X |
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Term
| Describe the activation of PKA. |
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Definition
| cAMP binds 4 sites on the two regulatory subunits causing the catalytic subunits to dissociate & form an active enzyme |
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Term
| Describe the mechanism of Calcium-Calmodulin. |
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Definition
| Double mechanism: 2 membranes, 2 enzymes, hormone, receptor protein, & G protein |
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Term
| What hormones associate with the Calcium-Calmodulin mechanism? What enzyme? |
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Definition
| Vasopressin & Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH); Protein Kinase C |
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Term
| What type of steroid hormones support increased metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins as well as anti-inflammatory reactions and stress coping? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of steroid hormone regulates salt recovery and water volume? Where do they work? |
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Definition
| Mineralcorticoids; Kidneys |
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Term
| What types of steroid hormones affect sexual development and function as well as support pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three major locations of steroid synthesis? |
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Definition
| Adrenal glands, Ovaries, and Testes |
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Term
| What stimulates steroid synthesis and where is it made? What type of steroids is most dependent on this compound? |
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Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH); Anterior Pituitary; Glucocorticoids |
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Term
| What three steroids are made by the Adrenal Glands, and what type of steroid hormone are they? |
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Definition
| Corticosterone (Mineral-Glucocorticoid) -> Aldosterone (Mineralcorticoid), Cortisol (Glucocorticoid), and Androgens |
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Term
| What is the starting substance for all steroids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What other hormone is made from Corticosterone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major enzyme family in Adrenal hormone synthesis and where does it get its NADPH for oxidation? |
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Definition
| Cytochrome P450 Oxidases; from the petose phosphate shunt |
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Term
| What is the basic function of the P450 Enzymes? Where do these reactions take place? |
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Definition
| Modify the cholesterol tail; use NADPH & oxygen to remove electrons from cholesterol; Mitochondria59 |
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Term
| Differentiate between the functions of Gluco- and Mineralocorticoids. |
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Definition
Gluco: increase energy levels (increase available glucose)
Mineralo: retain ions in blood via kidney reabsorption of Na+ |
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Term
| What is the role of cortisol in the body? Name three ways it accomplishes this. |
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Definition
| Reduce Inflammation; Glucose Mobilization, Increase Blood Pressure, Increase in T-cells that dampen inflammation |
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Term
| Steroid hormones are very insoluble in blood, name their two carrier proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do T3 and T4 stand for? |
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Definition
T3: Triiodothyronine
T4: Thyroxine |
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Term
| What is the sole purpose of the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
| produce thyroid hormones that establish and maintain optimal metabolic rate |
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Term
| Describe Thyroglobulin Iodination, where does it occur & what is its purpose? |
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Definition
| in the colloid space of the cuboidal epithelial cells of the thyroid; contains Tyrosine precursors for T3 & T4 |
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Term
| What are the key enzymes of adding iodine to Tyrosine on TG? |
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Definition
| Iodoperoxidase Coupling Enzyme and TG Protease |
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Term
| Where is Iodinated Thyroglobulin digested? What influences the release of T3/T4? |
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Definition
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Term
| What three proteins carry Thyroid Hormones? |
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Definition
| Thyroxine Binding Globulin (TBG), Thyroxine Binding Prealbumin, and Albumin |
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Term
| How do steroids and thyoid hormones cross the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the result of the variation in the transactivation region? |
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Definition
| Very low to No amino acid identity |
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