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| 4 Ways to Classify Structures in Brain |
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1. developmental
2. microanatomy
3. gross anatomy
4. connectivity and function |
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| Astrocyte (most abundant), radial glia, microglia, oligodendrocyte, schwann cells |
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| gaps in myelin where action potentials are generated |
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| speed rate of action potential conduction |
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| molecular layer, made of dendrites and axons from other layers |
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| small pyramidal layer, cortical to cortical connections |
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| medium pyramidal layer, cortical to cortical connections |
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| granular layer, receives inputs from thalamus |
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| large pyramidal layer, sends outputs to subcortical structures other than thalamus |
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| polymorphic layer, sends outputs to thalamus |
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| brodmann divided cortex into 52 areas based on... |
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| cytoarchitecture (cellular composition) differences |
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| Glutamate: cell body location; main actions |
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| entire CNS; excitatory/modulation of synaptic plasticity/activation of second messenger systems |
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| GABA: cell body location; main action |
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| Acetylcholine: cell body locations and their actions |
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| spinal cord anterior horns (muscle contractions), autonomic preganglionic nuclei (autonomic functions), parasympathetic ganglia (parasympathetic functions), basal forebrain (neuromodulation), pontomesencephalic region (neuromodulation) |
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| Norepinephrine: cell body locations and their actions |
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| sympathetic ganglia (sympathetic functions), pons (locus ceruleus, lateral tegmental area) - neuromodulation |
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| Dopamine: cell body location; main function |
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| midbrain (substantia nigra, pars compacta, ventral tegmental area); neuromodulation |
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| Serotonin: cell body location; main action |
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| midbrain and pons (raphe nuclei); neuromodulation |
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| Noradrenergic systems of brain |
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| locus ceruleus, lateral tegemental area |
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| simple motor patterns (walking) |
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| Movement area: cerebellum |
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| Movement area: basal ganglia |
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| gateway to connect motor programs to rest of body (parkinsons/huntingtons) - major components are caudate and putamen |
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| know where you are in space (relay sensory info from lower centers to cerebral cortex) |
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| superficial gray matter of cerebral hemispheres |
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| reproductive, homeostatic and circadian functions |
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| protection, face shape, fixes eyes in specific positions |
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| dura mater (outermost meningeal layer) |
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| periosteal layer, meningeal layer |
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| arachnoid mater (middle layer of meninges) |
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| pia mater (innermost meningeal layer) |
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| soft, touches cerebral cortex |
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| Swollenness is caused by inflammatory response because of infection of cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid space |
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| brain can't store it, need constant supply, uses 60% of body's glucose |
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| epidural space: location and content |
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| between skull and dura mater, middle meningeal artery |
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| supplies oxygenated blood to dura |
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| subdural space: location and content |
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| between dura and arachnoid, nonoxygenated blood flow with bridging veins and sinuses |
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| non-oxygenated blood flow flow |
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| bridging veins->dural venous sinuses->sigmoid sinuses-> jugular vein |
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| subarachnoid space: location and content |
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| between arachnoid and pia, cerebral spinal fluid and major arteries (for nutrients) |
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| MRI: main method of use, function |
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| magnet excites hydrogen atoms, detects some lesions and atrophy (structural/anatomical level) |
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| MRI but during activity-active cells consume oxygen (BOLD, chemical level) |
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| show blood flow by measuring uptake of labeled glucose (chemical level) |
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| inflammation/neurochemical dysregulation of blood vessels |
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1. buoyancy
2. protection (reducing CSF volume can compensate for small masses)
3. excretion of waste (CSF has one way flow)
4. endocrine medium (hormones transported to other parts of brain) |
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| forms blood-CSF barrier, produces CSF |
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| barrier to CSF (transportation occurs, either active transport/facilitated diffusion or ion exchange) |
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| circumventricular organs (CVOs) |
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| areas where blood brain barrier are interrupted to allow brain to respond to chemical changes in body |
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1. sensory (senses molecules in brain, passes info to brain) - area postrema, subfornical organ, organum vasculosum
2. secretory (secrets to blood hormones/glycoproteins made in brain) - neurohypophosis, median eminence, subcomissural organ, pineal |
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| opening in subarachnoid space filled with CSF |
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| small protrusions of arachnoid through dura mater that allow CSF to flow into blood stream |
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| necessary components of motor control |
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| volition, coordination of signals to muscle groups, proprioception, postural adjustments, sensory feedback, compensation for physical characteristics of body and muscles, unconscious processing, adaptability |
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| 2 motor system principals |
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| functional segregation, hierarchical organization |
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| Spinal cord central gray matter: dorsal (posterior) horn |
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| Spinal cord central gray matter: lateral horn |
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| Spinal cord central gray matter: ventral (anterior) horn |
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| Spinal cord (roots coming out on either side): dorsal root ganglia |
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| somatosensory neurons (info entering cord/afferent) |
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| Spinal cord (roots coming out on either side): ventral nerve roots |
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| motor neurons (info exiting spinal cord, efferent) |
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| Spinal cord: cervical level |
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| more white, thick matter because of more axons=more info being passed around |
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| Spinal cord: sacral level |
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| lower motor neuron (alpha motor neuron): location |
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| ventral horn in spinal cord |
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| lower motor neuron: function |
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| innervate skeletal muscle to cause muscle contractions that generate movement |
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| motor neuron pool (motor nuclei) |
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| cluster of motor neurons innervating a single muscle |
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| medial motor neuron pools inneverate... |
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| lateral motor neuron pools innervate... |
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| stimulated limb reaction to reflex description (lower motor neuron) |
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| excites flexor, inhibits extensor |
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| 6 descending motor systems |
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Lateral: lateral corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract
Medial: anterior corticospinal tract, VSTs, reticulospinal tract, tectospinal tract |
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| lateral corticospinal tract: origin, decussation, termination, function |
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| primary motor cortex, pyramidal decussation (medulla), entire cord, movement of contralateral limbs |
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| rubrospinal tract: origin, decussation, termination, function |
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| red nucleus (midbrain), ventral tegmental decussation (midbrain), cervical cord, movement of contralateral limbs |
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| anterior corticospinal tract: origin, decussation, termination, function |
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| primary motor cortex, none, cervical/upper thoracic cord, control of bilateral axial and girdle muscles |
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| VSTs: origin, decussation, termination, function |
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| medial VST (pons)/later, none, medial VST (cervical/upper thoracic cord, blah more stuff |
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| primary motor cortex neurons: function |
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| force, direction, extent, speed |
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| types of somatosensory info |
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| proprioception, pain, touch |
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| Meissners corpuscle is closest to top, then merkel cells, then pacinian corpuscle, then ruffini endings |
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| cluster of nerve cell bodies, carry sensory info from body to brain |
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| posterior medial lemniscal pathway: decussation, termination |
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| internal arcuate fibers (lower medulla), ventral posterior lateral nucleus of thalamus (projection to primary somatosensory cortex) |
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| anterolateral pathways: decussation, termination |
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| anterior commissure (spinal cord), thalamus (projection to primary somatosensory cortex) |
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| anterolateral pathways: spinothalamic tract; termination, function |
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| VPL (cortex), discriminative aspects of pain/temp |
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| anterolateral pathways: spinomescencephalic tract; termination, function |
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| midbrain (periaqueductal gray), pain modulation |
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| anterolateral pathways: spinoreticular tract; termination, function |
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| medullary pontine reticular formation (pons), automatic pain response |
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| primary somatosensory cortex |
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| process info from contralateral side, basic (encodes type/intensity of sensation) |
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| secondary somatosensory cortex |
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| process info from both sides of body, combines tactile info and limb position to create representations of texture/size of objects, involved in tactile learning/memory |
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| each sensory modality except olfaction has different... |
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| receive input from brain regions then project to cortex, receive recipicrocal connections back from cortex |
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| input (medial lemiscus), output (somatosensory cortex), relay spinal inputs to cortex |
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| input (trigeminal lemiscus), output (somatosensory and taste cortex), relay cranial nerve inputs to cortex |
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| input (retina), output (primary visual cortex), relay visual input to cortex |
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| receive input from basal ganglia then project to basal ganglia/cortex |
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| receives input from nuclei/cortex then projects back to thalamus |
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