Functional Food

(IOM Food & Nurtition Board Definition)

Integrate and balance the body, mind and spirit. This is believed to help prevent illness and promote wellness

*rely heavily on herbs, plants, oils & spices

ancient philosophy of Taoism, dates back 5,000 years. herbal remedies and acupuncture are the treatments most commonly used

(teas, capsules, tinctures, or powders)

NHANES

(National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey)

• studies desided to asses the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the US
• Population based, oversamples in order to increase precision
• Conducted by CDC & NCHS

NHANES Supplement Intake

Men vs. Women

• Women take more than men.
• Ca, White women, 60+
• white women 20-39 y/o
• Vit D, increased over time
• 40% total men & women use m/v

Dietary Supplement Health & Education Act

• defined "dietary supplement"
• intented to supplement the diet
  
  

chemical found as a natrual comonent of foods or other ingestible forms that have been determined to be beneficial to the human body in preventing or treating one or more diseases or improving physiological function

*higher concentration than what is naturally found in whole foods

(Live organisms)

• lactose intolerance
• diarrhea
• disease resistance
• healthy gut

(Whole Foods)

• general health
• sustenance

(nutraceutical incorporated foods)

• cancer
• heart disease
• diabetes
• osteoporosis

• 1000 randomly selected adults (online)
• 95% believe they have control over their health
• 50% said heart disease was the most important health concern, followed by wt & cancer

Survey Stats 2: "Americans Aware of Functional Foods, Don't Eat Them Enough"

• 75% said food plays most important role in maintaining/improving overall health
• 85% recognize n-3 fatty acids offer CVD benefits
• <50 report they get n-3s
• COST = most important reason for not eating healthier followed by tast, availabiltiy and convenience

statement that suggests a relationship b/t the presence or level of a substance in the food and a disease or health-related condition

*require FDA approval prior to use

• began Sept. 1, 2003 (FDA)
• Consumer Health Information for Better Nutr. Initiative
• supplements & conventional foods
• requires some scientific evidence and must not mislead consumers

"calcium builds strong bones"

• may describe role of a nutrient or dietary ingredient intended to affect (maintain) the sturcture or function of humans

it may not always be possible to draw a line b/t structure/function and disease claims

1. Nutrition Facts Panel needs improvement
2. Ingredient labels need to be modernized
3. Health-related claims need more stringent regulation

• most abundant element on Earth
• 21% of the air
• 61% human body
• O₂ found in vitamins A, B, C, D, & K

• used for management of hypoxic conditions: cholera, arthritis, anemia, syphilis, epilepsy, DM, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, pulmonary & non-pulmonary

recover requires O₂ for healing of:

• bacteria killing
• collagen synthesis
• angiogenesis
• epithelialization

• Oxygen is reactive b/c it exists as the radical dioxygen
• Dioxygen is toxic to all forms of life (anerobes, aerotolerant, aerobic)
• Coexist w/ O₂ by:

1. antioxidant defense
2. repair/replace damaged components (DNA, lipids, protein) by oxidative stress

1. DNA
2. lipids
3. protein

evidence: high pressure oxygen inhibits bact. growth & causes acute CNS toxicity

• premi babies
• underwater diving
• hyperbaric O₂ therapy

Loss of electron(s)

Gain oxygen

Gain electron(s)

Loss of oxygen

• Eyes: visual field loss, near-sightedness, cataracts, bleeding, fibrosis
• Central: seizures
• Muscular: Twitching
• Respiratory: irritation, coughing, pain, shortness of breath, etc.

"Free Radicals"

• atom or goup possessing at least 1 unpaired electron
• formed under normal cond.
• unstable & highly reactive
• react w/ DNA, lipids, protein
• kelpt relatively low by efficient antiox system

• terminate free radical reaction before vital molecules are damaged
• scavenge free radicals
• vitamins, minerals, phytochem

1. Loss of a single electron (oxidation)
2. Gain of a single electron (reduction)
3. Breakage of a covalent bond

• radiation
• redox reactions
• xenobiotic compounds:
• cigarette smoke, chemicals, drugs, heavy metals, food

• Aerobic respiration, ETC in mitochondria
• Activation of phagocytic cells
• Enzymatic rxn catalyzed by oxidases
• Redox reactions (metal ions)
• EtOH metabolism (hepatocytes)
• Induction of NOS
• Lipid peroxidation of unsat-FAs

• Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
• O in the mito are reduced to ROS such as superoxide radicals
• Antioxidants inside mito keep levels of ROS down

• excellent reducing agent
• reduces catalytic metals (Fe & Cu)
• w/ the fenton rxn increases damage to biological molecules
• regenerates OH-radical

Hydroxyl Radical (HO*)

*=radical

• highly reactive
• formation: rxn of metal ions w/ hydrogen peroxide (fenton rxn). formation of hydroxyl radical from ozone (O₃)
• initiates free radical oxidation of (unsaturated) lipids

• oxidation of a N on L-arginine
• enzymatically via NO synthase (NOS)
• non-enzymatically from nitrate under acidic conditions/ischemia

1. Neuronal (nNOS)
2. Inducible (iNOS)
3. Endothelial (eNOS)

eNOS + nNOS => iNOS

• enzyme-catalyzed rxn, ETC in mito
• signal transduction, gene expression
• activation of nuclear trx factors, antimicrobial actions
• oxidative damages to molecules, cells, tissues (DNA, lipids, proteins), aging & diseases

• NO* (NOS) smooth muscle relaxation
• O* (NAD(P)H Oxidase) control over ventilation, smooth muscle relaxation, signal transduction
• O* (Any*) oxidative stress responses & maintenance of redox homeostasis

• Higher orgs have evolved to use NO and ROS as signaling molecules
• regulation of vascular tone, monitoring of oxygen tension, signal transduction from membrane receptors

1. loss of function
2. gain of function
3. switch to different function

• High: directly dange/kill cells
• Low &/or chronic overproduction: activate cellular pathways, stimulate cell proliferation, damge cellular proteins, DNA & lipids

• Carbon side chain is attacked by ROS to remove a H
• Greater # of double bonds the easier the removal of H
• PUFAs are particularly susceptible to lipid peroxidation

• prostaglandin-like compounds
• formed non-enzymatically by ROS-induced oxidation of FAs (acachidonic acid)

reliable biomarker of oxidative stress in vivo

not affected by lipid content of the diet

• Correlation w/ cancers & diseases
• indirect activation of endonuclease enzymes, mutation, DNA strand break

single-stranded DNA damage -> PARP1 activated -> _________________

double-stranded DNA damage -> PARP1 activated -> _________________

Induction and execution of apoptosis

NO-dependent apoptosis

Induction of cell death by TNF-α

AGING: progressive accumulation of changes over time, degeneration of biological fxns, increases the probability of disease and death, due to free radical damage

Life-span experiments: relationship b/t antioxidants and free radical levels, age-related decline in antioxidants

• facilitate mutagenesis
• tumor promotion & progression
• growth-promoting effects r/t redox-responsive signaling cascades

ROS attack deoxyribos, purine & pyrimidine bases (can alter sugar or any bases)

Results in DNA strand breaks

DNA strand breaks induced by HO• cause deletions and point mutations

• Highly sensitive to oxidative stress
• very rich in peroxidizable FAs (PUFAs)
• high request for O
• Scarcity of antioxidant systems
• CNS
• altered mito fxn
• Αß peptides themselves
• unbound trace metal ions
  

(irreversible)

• Accumulation of protein deposits in the brain as extracelluar AB plaques
• Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) inside neurons
• Evidence of ROS-mediated injury
• RNA oxidation

• Clinically characterized by motor manifestations of tremors, rigidity, slowness of voluntary movements and poor balance
• sporatic cond.
• concentration of PUFAs is decreased, while a marker of lipid oxidation (isoprostanes) is increased
• NOT hereditary/genetic

• elevated glucose levels associated with increased ROS production
• activation of Protein Kinase C or NF-kB
• Advanced glycation end products (AGEs)
• superoxide is generated
• decreases intracellular glutathione levels

• Interaction b/t:
• genetics
• environmental
• immunological factors
• Oxidative Stress may be the link
• damage to DNA, lipids, proteins, & CHO
• responsible for pathogeneesis and clinical symptoms