Term
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Definition
1. release energy thru combustion
2. chemical conversion to another fuel form
3. conversion to non-fuel material |
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Term
| a fuel's use and behavior is determined by... |
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Definition
| ...its chemical comnposition and molecular structure |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the origin, composition and properties, and fundamental chemical rxns of fuels |
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Term
| carbon content of common fuels |
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Definition
natural gas: 75% C
petroleum: ~85% C
coal: 65-95% C |
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Term
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Definition
| indicate an origin from living matter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| atmospheric CO2 is taken into plants, passes thru animals, and accumulates in dead organisms, which decay and release it back into the atmosphere |
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Term
| free energy change of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
delta G= +2720 kJ
VERY endothermic
equilibrium constant of 1E-47! |
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Term
| What about the organic matter that doesn't completely decay? |
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Definition
| organic matter which escapes complete decay is preserved and accumulated, which we can burn as fuel (releasing that energy) |
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Term
| reverse of photosynthesis rxn |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we have large accumulations of carbon-based fuels? |
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Definition
| Because most organic rxns do not go to completion |
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Term
| to maximize accumulation of carbon-based fuels... |
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Definition
| 1. abundant light for photosynthesis 2. warmth for fast rxns 3. minimum exposure of organic matter to oxygen |
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Term
| oxygen can participate in decay by... |
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Definition
1. direct rxn of atmospheric O2
2. direct rxn of O2 dissolved in water
3. indirectly via aerobic bacteria |
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Term
| ideal environments for life and then prevention of decay of organic matter |
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Definition
1. freshwater lakes where a bottom layer of relatively cold anearobic water lies under a layer of warmer, aerobic water
2. marine environments where up-welling of water spreads an anearobic layer over the continental shelf |
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Term
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Definition
transport of nutrients
structural components of cells
enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more amino acids linked to each other |
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Term
| key features of protein composition and structure |
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Definition
peptide bonds are reversible
contain significant amounts of oxygen and nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
1. number of C in the chain: pentose, hexose
2. presence of aldehyde or ketone group: aldose, ketose
3. both: aldohexose, ketopentose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| many simple saccharides are cyclic because... |
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Definition
| ...they contain both an alcohol and aldehyde/ketone group, so the molecule reacts with itself and forms a ring |
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Term
| hemiacetal/hemiketal + alcohol |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the carbon at which the hemiacetal/hemiketal forms |
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Term
| for each hemiacetal/hemiketal, two anomers exist: |
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Definition
1. alpha: OH and CH2OH are trans
2. beta: OH and CH2OH are cis |
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Term
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Definition
| the acetal linkage between monosaccharide units in a polysaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
| a glycoside linkage, where the monosaccharides are glucoses |
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Term
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Definition
| made of glucoses linked by beta (trans) glucoside linkage |
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Term
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Definition
| made of glucoses linked by alpha (cis) glucoside linkage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| key features of carbohydrate composition and structure |
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Definition
contain cyclic structures
high oxygen content (weight basis) |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally occuring compounds which yield fatty acids upon hydrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| esters of long chain alcohols with fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| esters of long chain carboxylic acids joined by glycerol |
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Term
| key features of lipid composition and structure |
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Definition
formation is reversible
relatively rich in hydrogen
relatively poor in oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
a constituent of cell walls that provides extra rigidity for woody plants
a "bio-polymer" made of three alcohols
has abundant cyclic aromatic structures and a high proportion of oxygen |
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Term
| two main types of organic matter |
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Definition
1. low-oxygen chain structures (hydrocarbons, lipids), mostly from organisms living in water
2. high-oxygen cyclic structures (carbohydrates, lignin), mostly from higher plants |
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