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FSN 275
Food saftey
51
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
04/26/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Food Safety Modernization Act 411
Definition
Signed into law on January 4th,2011
Most significant change in food safety law since FD&C Act of 1938
Term
Inherent Toxins
Definition
Lectins, Glycoalkaloinds, Enzyme Inhibitors, Cyannogenic glycosides, allergens
Term
Lectins
Definition
glycoprotein, exhibits binding affinity carbs, Impair protein digestion and cause malabsorption of other nutrients, destroyed by heat, legumes
Term
Glycoalkaloinds
Definition
Heat stable Increased levels - a result of stress factors during growth, post-harvest due to handling, light Bitter
Term
Enzyme Inhibitors
Definition
not toxic, inhibit digestion of proteins, they can be killed by cooking. Trypsin inhibitor most common and widely studied
Term
Cyannogenic glycosides
Definition
Found in cassava, bitter almonds, stone fruit kernels. Sugar molecule linked to a cyanide group
Term
allergens
Definition
Proteins that trigger an immune response
“Big 8” – 90% of allergic reactions
Milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, soybeans
FALCPA or the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004
Term
Mycotoxins
Definition
Toxins produced by molds
Penicillium, Fusarium, Aspergillus
Heat is Not effective
Term
Shellfish Toxins
Definition
Not formed by shellfish
paralytic (PSP), neurotoxic (NSP), diarrhetic (DSP), amnesic (ASP)
PSP neurological symptoms, tingling, numbness, respiratory paralysis
NSP, DSP, ASP gastrointestinal symptoms some neurological
Control by harvesting
Term
Histamine/Scombrotoxin
Definition
Found in fish as a result of bacterial growth
Generally due to inadequate post-harvest time/temperature control
immediate onset
Term
Tetrodotoxin – Pufferfish/Fugu
Definition
~50% mortality, death 20 min – 8 hrs
Term
Natural Contaminants
Definition
Mycotoxins
Shellfish toxins
Histamine
Tetrodotoxin
Term
Environmental
Definition
Pesticides
Dioxins/Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Heavy metals
Nitrates
Term
Pesticides
Definition
Biopesticides - derived from natural materials animals, plants, bacteria, and certain mineralscanola oil, baking soda, B. thuringiensis
Term
Dioxins/Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Definition
By-products of combustion processes, cigarette smoke, some industrial processesLong lasting contaminates
Term
Heavy metals
Definition
Lead-Soil, paint, pipes, past use of leaded gas
Candy, vitamins, drinking water, packaging material
Behavior and learning problems, slowed growth, hearing problems, headaches
Mercury
Naturally in the environment and a result of pollution
As a result of what fish eat, they can accumulate mercury over time
Shark, Swordfish, King Mackerel
cognitive thinking, memory, attention, language, and fine motor and visual spatial skills
Term
Nitrates
Definition
“blue baby syndrome”
NitrateNitriteHemoglobin
Nitrates nitrosamines
Term
Unavoidable Poisonous or Deleterious Substances
Definition
Term
Spanish Toxic Oil Syndrome
Definition
Fatty acid and eneal mix
Term
Sudan Dyes
Definition
Dyes used to color shoe polish and automotive paints
2003 found chili powder from India contained Sudan Dyes
Added to make it appear to be better quality
Not allowed in food, levels
Term
Spanish Toxic oil
Definition
Rapeseed oil intended for industrial use was mixed with other oils sold as olive oil
Aniline/fatty acids
20,000 people had health problems, 600 people died as a result
Term
Bovine growth hormone BST
Definition
increases milk production
Destroyed by pasteurization
Not absorbed by the human body after oral ingestion
BST inactive in humans
Term
Benzene
Definition
• Formed by a reaction between benzoates and ascorbic acid
• Chemical that is released into the air from emissions
• Formed from burning coal and oil. Can cause cancer in humans. It has been found in soft drinks; only ten products have been found to have more than 10 ppb.
• Companies had to reformulate to eliminate formation; exposure to light and heat can cause benzene in soda, cranberries naturally contain benzene
Term
Furan- process derived
Definition
Potential carcinogen
Formed multiple ways: oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, breakdown of ascorbic acid derivatives
Found in foods that have been subjected to retorting, also found in crackers, potato chips and tortilla chips
No regulatory action
Less research available
Term
Acrylamide & Furan- process derived
Definition
Acrylamide is a potential carcinogen and human neurotoxicant
Formed in food due to a reaction between the amino acid asparagine and reducing sugars
Found in potato products and cereal products
Controlled by modifying cooking temp
Term
Ethyl Carbamate- naturally occurring
Definition
Naturally occurring component in all fermented food and beverages
Formation: urea + alcohol : arginine (found in grape juice) metabolized by yeast to urea
No proven effect on humans, animal studies show that it may be carcinogenic
Found in fermented products
Controlled by avoiding excessive nitrogen fertilization in the yeast
Do not use urea as nitrogen supplement
Avoid exposure to temperatures in excess of 100 degrees F
Term
Foodborne Infection
Definition
Living intact organismcolonizes and crosses the intestinal barrier
Term
Foodborne Toxicoinfection
Definition
Bacteria first colonize then produce toxins in the intestine
Term
Foodborne Intoxication
Definition
Toxins can cause local tissue damage and inflammation already formed before ingestine
Term
Bacillus cereus
Definition
Gram-positive, rod, sporeformer, facultatively aerobic
Naturally found in soil, dust, water
Can cause both intoxication and toxicoinfection
Emetic (vomiting) or diarrheal toxin
Term
Clostridium botulinum
Definition
Gram-positive, rod, sporeformer, anaerobic
Produces a neurotoxin
Infective dose
30-100 ng
Incubation period
12-48 h (short as 2 h, long as 8 d)
Duration
2-8 weeks (up to 7 months)
Toxin heat labile (85°C for 5 min)
Symptoms
Weakness, vertigo, double vision, difficulty speaking, swallowing, breathing
Infective dose
Term
Clostridium perfringens
Definition
Anaerobic, Gram-positive, spore-forming rod
Intestines of humans and many domestic and feral animals, spores persist in soil, sediments
Causes a food toxicoinfection
Toxin produced during sporulationin the small intestine
Term
Listeria monocytogenes
Definition
Gram-positive, rod, does not form spores
Hardy (psychrotrophic)
Ubiquitous in natureInfective dose
Unknown <1000 cells
Incubation period
1-90 days mean of 30 days
Duration
Varied
Symptoms
Flue-like symptoms, sepsis, meningitis, stillbirth/miscarriages, death (30%)
Disease caused by L. monocytogenesis listeriosis
Can lead to sepsis, meningitis, stillbirth/miscarriages
At risk population
Young, elderly, immunocompromised, pregnant women
Intracellular pathogen
Infective dose
Unknown <1000 cells
Incubation period
1-90 days mean of 30 days
Duration
24 h
Symptoms
Flue-like symptoms, sepsis, meningitis, stillbirth/miscarriages, death (30%)
Term
Escherichia coli
Definition
Gram-negative, rod, does not form spores, facultative anaerobes
Some are acid resistant
Most E. coli are not pathogenic
Intestinal microfloraof warm-blooded animals
4 main groups of E. coli
Enterotoxigenic(ETEC)
Enteropathogenic(EPEC)
Enteroinvasive(EIEC)
Shiga toxin-producing (STEC, VTEC)
Enterohemorrhagic(EHEC) O157:H7
Term
Enterohemorrhagic(EHEC) O157:H7
Definition
Severe cramping & diarrhea (watery-bloody)
Infective dose –as few as 10 cells
Typically lasts 8 days
Can lead to HUS, in young and old
Ground beef, apple juice, sprouts, spinach, raw milk
Min Aw- .95 Min pH- 4.4 Min Temp.- 8
killed by pasteurization 160 F
Term
Salmonella
Definition
Infective dose
15-20 cells
Incubation period
8-72 hours
Duration
1-2 days, <5 days (can be a carrier for up to a month)
Symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, and headache
Chronic consequences --arthritic symptoms (Reiter's syndrome
Min Aw- .94 Min pH- 4.2 Min Temp. 5 C
Term
Staphyloccus aureus
Definition
Humans and animals are the primary reservoirs nasal passages , throats, hair, skin (50 % or more of healthy individuals)
Incubation 1-8 h
Duration 2 days
Heat stable toxin
Min Aw- .83 Min pH 4 Min temp 7- growth
.88 4.5 10- toxin
Term
Campylobacter jejuni
Definition
Fastidious, utilize amino acids instead of carbohydrates for energy Microaerophiles
Isolated from healthy cattle, chickens, birds, flies, ponds, streams
Campylobacteriosis(infection)
Incubation period
2-5 days
Duration
7-10 days
foul smelling
Min Aw .98 Min pH 4.9 Min Temp. 32 C
Term
Vibrio cholerae
Definition
Infective dose
106cells
Incubation period Hours to 5 days
Duration 1-10 days
infected person can die within hours
Term
V. parahaemolyticus
Definition
Infective dose
105-107cells
Incubation period
8-72 h
Duration
48-72 h
Symptoms
Explosive diarrhea, abdominal pain
Term
V. vulnificus
Definition
Infective dose
Unknown, <100?
Incubation period
7 h to several days
Symptoms
Fever, chills, nausea
Susceptible hosts 50% mortality rate
Alcoholic cirrhosis, renal disease, diabetes, use of immunosuppressive agents
Death can occur in 3-5 days
Limb amputation
Aw-0.94-0.96
pH- 4.8-5.0
Temp- 5-8°C
Term
Shigella
Definition
Water polluted with human feces, unsanitary handling by food handlers
Person-to-person most common route
Flies, food, feces
Infective dose
10-102cells
Incubation period
1-4 days
Duration
5-6 days (self-limiting)
Symptoms
Watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever
Reactive arthritis
aW-0.97
pH- 4.9
temp-7°C
Term
Definition
50-95% viral foodborne disease due to poor personal hygiene
Term
Hep A
Definition
Excreted in feces of infected people
Water, shellfish and salads
Infective dose –10-100 virus particles
Incubation period –
10-50 days (30 mean)
Duration –1-2 weeks
Usually mild illness –fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain
Many infection don’t result in clinical disease
<0.4% of reported cases result in death
More common in adults
Not isolated from any foods associated with an outbreak
Term
Norovirus
Definition
Gastroenteritis, self-limiting, mild
Infective dose –unknown
Incubation period –12-51 h
Duration –48-72h
Water most common source
Shellfish and salad ingredients
Virus identified in clams and oysters
More common in adults and older children
Term
Parasites
Definition
Parasitic worms (Trichinella)
Protozoa (Cryptosporidium, Giardia)
Term
trichinella
Definition
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Onset 1-2 days, duration 2-8 weeks
Freezing (-18°C for 30 days)
Few cases (1997-2001, 12)
Game meat
Term
Cryptosporidium
Definition
Contaminated water major source
Onset 2-10 days
Duration 2-4 days
Water diarrhea
Resistant to chlorine
Serological survey –80% of people North America have had cryptosporidiosis
Term
Giardia
Definition
Diarrhea,
Term
FDA BAM (Bacteriological Analytical Manual )
Definition
Foodborne bacterial pathogens, yeast, molds, mycotoxins, HepA, parasites
Term
AOAC International
Definition
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