Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Trypodendron lineatum

Striped ambrosia beetle

bore into sapwood= sapwood scoring, introduce ambrosia fungi

-only attack dead or severely weakend trees and falled logs, overwinter in duff

-principle hosts: Abies, Picea, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga

-beetle is stout, shiny black or brown with pale stripes

-antennae: club shaped, small, elbowed

-larvae: white body, drak head and handibles, curved, leggless, feed on ambrosia fungi

-larvae do not cause injury

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Gnathotrichus sulcatus

Scratch-faced ambrosia beetle

-bore into sapwood, introduce ambrosia fungi

-reduce value of lumber, can survive in milled lumber, will attack green lumber  - spend enitre life cycle inside logs

-principle hosts: nearly all western conifers

- more slender than T. lineatum

-antennae: club shaped, small, elbowed

-larvae: white body, dark head and mandibles, curved, legless, feed on ambrosia fungi

-larve do not cause injury (adults bore)

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Cryptorhynchus lapathi

Poplar-and-willow borer

principal hosts: Salix (preffered), Populus, Alnus, Betula spp, healthy salix may be attacked, but other trees must be weakened

-signs: ireggular splits and holes in bark, exudates of sap & moist red-brown boring dust, piles of boring dust around stem base, stems with old attacks are honeycombed with darkened, weathered tunnels, & deformed from the callusing injured areas

-novel holes, relatively staying in pith

-adult: medium length snout, pitted elytra surface & covered in tufts of hair

-antennae: club shaped, small, elbowed

-adults emerge from overwintering in wood in spring & soon afterward the female lay eggs in stem in slits chewed into bar

-larvae: white body, dark head & mandibles, curved legless

-larvae first bore into cambium around stem but tunnel into sapwood as they grow- pupate in large galleries in stem, complete girdling kills tree above injury, forces tree to re-sprout mulitple stems

Order: Coleoptera 

FLAT HEADED BORERS

-D shaped exit holes due to shape of adult

family characteristics: larvae flattened in cross-section,

-thorax broad with inverted "V" on first thoracic segment with plates above and below, legs absent

-require 1-3 years to complete development

-in milled lumber, egg to adult may take decades

*most damaging wood borer family

Buprestis aurelenta

Golden buprestid

Coleoptera: Buprestidae

-most destructive buprestid, long development time (can emerge from processed wood- buildings, furniture, etc) 

-principle hosts: Fd, Pp

-signs: galleries flattened & packed with frass, elliptical adult exit holes in sapwood, sapwood scoring

-larvae: white, flattened body, sclerotized plates top and bottom- larval galleries score sapwood before boring- later instars completely into sapwood

-adult: elliptical shape, metallic green with red line along inner and outer elytra, ridges in elytra

-long, black, thin antennae

-adults do not injure trees, lay bark in crevices

Trachykele blondeli

Western cedar borer

Coleoptera: Buprestidae

-severe degrade in lumber, "powderworm" damage- infestation in heartwood by larval

Principle hosts: W. red cedar, sometimes Juniperus, Cupressus

-signs: felled trees not attacked, larval boring in heartwood of upper bole (damage in crown area), heartwood galleries thick and curvy, galleries packed with frass, elliptical adult exit holes

-adult: bright emerald green, golden sheen, dark spots on elytra, short stout green antennae, adults feed on foliage, lay eggs in bark of living trees

-larvae: typical buprestid, bore from branches to bole, mine heartwood 2-3 more yrs 

order: Coleoptera

LONGHORN BEETLES/ ROUNDHEADED BORERS

-family has: circular exit holes (perpendicular to axis of tree, due to shape of adult) 

-antennae very long

-body elongate and cylindrical

-pro-thorax with small conical projections from side

Tetropium velutinum

Western larch borer

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

-reduces structural wood quality

-principle hosts: Fd, Hw, sometimes Abies, Pinus, Picea

-signs: circular adult exit holes (elliptical entrance), galleries elliptical in cross section, frass packed in galleries beneath bark, sapwood scoring

-adult: elongate, cylindrical, velvet brown, eyes divide into 2 parts (bisected by antennae), adults dont cause injury

-antennae: long, thick, segmented, pointed

-larvae: white elongated (not strong tapered), elliptical in cross section, distinct segments, small thoracic legs

-larvae enter wood to pupate, shallow sapwood borer & bark miner

Monochamus spp.

Sawyer beetles

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

-can cause damge to dying or felled conifers, vectors pinewood nematode

-principle hosts: Pinus, Picea, Abies, Fd

-signs: scoring in sapwood (initally by larval feeing), oblique entrance holes, galleries elliptical & packed with frass, large circular exit holes (smaller than timber borer, larger than W. larch borer)

-adult: various colors (black-brown), LONG antennae, adult chews in bark to lay eggs

-larvae: typical cerambycid, boring causes damage, may tunnel more than 1 year before pupation; 1st attack yr shows irregular channeling of wood surface

Ergates spiculatus

Timberworm

Coleoptera:Cerambycidae

-larval mines speed deterioration & limit amount of timber salvaged

-principle hosts: Fd, ponderosa pine

-signs: elliptical galleries packed with frass or shredded wood, circular exit holes, size of damage best indicator

-adult:  very LARGE, red-brown elytra, long antennae, side of thorax often spikey, adults do not injure trees, lay eggs in bark crevices

larvae: LARGE, very small thoracic legs, create meandering tunnels thru sapwood & heartwood, may tunnel more than 1 yr before pupation

HORNTAILS/WOODWASPS

order: Hymenoptera

family characteristics: stingless wasps

-characterized from other Hymenoptera by a broad waist and long ovipositor modified to insert eggs into wood

Sirex cyaneus

Blue horntail

Hymenoptera: Siricidae

-larval mines degrade lumber but usually only problem after salvage harvest after large burns or windthrow

-principle hosts: Abies, Pinus, Picea, Fd

-signs: larval galleries circular in cross section & frass packed, larvae bore directly into wood, no sapwood scoring, galleries smaller than most buprestids & cerambycids, wood may be stained by fungi

-adult: cylindrical w/ thick waist & horn tail, antennae longer than head, 2 pairs of membranous wings unequal in size, inject toxic mucous during oviposition to weaken trees

-larvae: cylindrical, pointed "tail", hemispherical capular head, rudimentary thoracic legs, 

Dendroctonus ponderosae

Mountain pine beetle

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

-will breed in virtually all Pinus species

-signs: pitch tubes on bole, J-shaped maternal galleries packed wtih frass, blue stain in sapwood, red foliage one year after attack 

-blue stain fungus carried in mycangia, food for larvae, help pupating beetle sclerotize 

-adult: dark & cyindrical, galleries parrallel to grain of wood in cambial region

-club shaped, small, elbowed antennae

-larvae: white body, dark head & mandibles, curved, legless- create galleries at right angles to parent gallery, high densities girdle tree

Dendroctonus rufipennis

Spruce beetle

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

-sporadic epidemics oftwn following windthrow or warm summers

-principle hosts: matuer spruce, low populations breed in stumps, slash & windfall

-signs: boring dust in spring, pitch tubes maybe in summer, orange foliage 1-2 yrs after attack

-adult: cylindrical, reddish-brown to black, club shaped/small/elbowed antennae

-egg galleries 10-30 cm long, parallel to grain of wood, NOT packed with frass, wide straight gallery

-larvae: white head, dark head & mandibles, curved, legless, sclerotized plate on dorsal side of each of last 2 abdominal segments

*young larvae feed together (gregariously) out of maternal gallery for 1st 2 instars, then feed individually

Dendroctonus pseudotsugae

Douglas-fir beetle

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

-principle hosts: Fd, occasionally W. larch, low populations breed in slash, windfall or diseased trees

-signs: attacks often several meters up bole, no pitch tubes but tree may exude resin, reddish boring dust in bark crevices, orange foliage one year after attack

-LARGE, distinct egg galleries, avg 10-50 cm long

-adults: light brown, black head 

-larvae: white body, dark head & mandibles

-artistically symmetrical larval galleries

Dendroctonus brevicomis

Western pine beetle

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

principle hosts: Ponderosa pine (other pines during outbreaks), sub-outbreak pops prefer weakened trees by drought, old age, wind damage, fire or disease

-signs: reddish-brown pitch tubes on bole, reddish boring dust in bark crevices at base of tree, foliage fades to orange year after attack

-egg galleries appear RANDOM across and with grain, very branched

-adult: dark, cylindrical body- clubbed, elbowed antennae

-larvae: white body, drak head & mandibles, curved, legless

- larvae feed out from adult galleries

Dryocetes confusus

Western balsam bark beetle

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

-principle host: Supalpine fir (occassionally Abies- englemann and Pl), suboutbreak pops prefere weakend trees

-Abies have resin blister (not resin duct)

-signs: resin exudation & boring dust, foliage red year after attack

-adult: shiny black brown, female has dense brush of yellow setae on frons, male frons sparsely pubescent

*egg galleries radiate out from central nuptial gallery (star shaped), minimal sapwood scoring

-larvae feed out from adult galleries, wandering entirely into phloem

-larvae: white body, lightly sclerotized head, curved, legless

Ips pini

Pine engraver

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

-principle hosts: most pines

-signs: mortality of stressed trees, attack windthrow/slash, boring dust around entrance holes, deep sapwood scoring (engraving)

-egg galleries radiate from nuptial chamber (polygamous!), star shaped galleries

-larval mines radiate out from egg galleries 

-adult: cylindrical, reddish-brown to black, pronounced concavity (declivity) in rear of elytra with spines on margins

-larvae: white body, brown head capsule, curved legless

-

Scolytus ventralis

Fir engrave

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

-principle hosts: Abies grandis, A. concolor, A. magnifica, occassionally Fd, hemlock or spruce

-signs: red crowns (due to Abies in rugged terrain)

* egg galleries cause deep sapwood scoring ACROSS grain from each side of central entrance chamber

-larvae mine outward from egg gallery

-adult: dark, clyindrical, ventral posterior declivity- elytra overhang helps push frass out, males have defined bump on second abdominal segment

- larvae: white body, brown head capsule, legless, curved

Phloeosinus spp.

Cedar bark beetles

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

-principle host: Cedars (not Cedrus)

-signs: Cedar twig dieback, tree mortality following drought, newly emerged adults feed on twigs of healthy trees, hollowing them out and killing them prior to gallery construction

-egg galleries parallel to grain & relatively straight, little notches on edges of gallery where female lays eggs

- larvae mine out from adult gallery

-adult: reddish-brown elytra, black head

-larvae: white body, brwon head capsule, curved legless

Pseudohylesinus spp.

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

-principle hosts: Abies, Pinus, Picea, and Hw- some beetles host specific, often co-attack with other bark beetles

signs: top kill- attack of upper bole

-egg galleries similar to Scolytus, transverse across agrain

-sapwood lightly scored

-larval mines outward from adult gallery

-adult: patchy colored, elytra covered with scales giving dull appearnce instead of a shiny look 

Steremnius carinatus

Conifer seedling weevil

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

-clear cuts and stie prep encourage feeding on seedlings

-principle hosts: Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, sometimes hemlock and true firs

-signs: pupal cells at base of seedling- feed at base of vegetation

-adult: long and slender snout, red-grey patters on elytra, club shaped obvious antennae, filghtless, emerge from stumps & girdle seedlings

*adult is injurious stage

-larvae breed in slash/stumps feeding on phloem> reproduce lots after clear cut

-larvae: legless, curved, white to pink with brown head capsule, strong mandibles 

Hylobius warreni

Warren's root collar weevil

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

-principle hosts: Lodgepole pine (occassionally other Pinus, Abies, Picea, Salix)

-no serious damage on mature trees, but girdles & kills young trees > problematic when plantations adjacent to dead pine forest

-signs: chlorotic foliage (young trees), girdled root collar, mass of resin & frass at root collar

-adults: long/slender snout, dull black with fine grey scales btwn patches of white, flightless- adults live & lay eggs up to 4 yrs, feeding on bark of small roots, twigs needles, ccan cause chronic infestation throughout rotation

-larvae: live for 2 years in root collar area- often causing root collar to be girdled, when feeding- dirt and shredded bark packed togwther with resin to make protective tunnel

Synanthedon novarensis

Douglas-fir pitch moth

Lepidoptera: Sesiidae

-can be seriously damaging to young trees, can cause reduction of lumber

-principle hosts: Fd, Sitka spruce, engelmann spruce, Pl, Pp

-signs: large pitch masses around feeding site

-adult: small moth with narrow transparent interlocking wings, orange abdomen banded with black, long ovipositor, does not injure tree

-larvae: cream colored with brown head, up to 30 mm long mature

*larvae is injurious stage, chew into bark then phloem forming pitch pockets- injury may be perennial, keeping wound open

Choristoneura occidentalis

Western spruce budworm

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

most destructive defoliator in N. America

principle hosts: Fd, Abies, occassionally Larix and Picea

-signs: webbed branch tips (July), reddish-brown crown (june-sept), initial symptons visible in tree tops & branch tips, several yrs of defoliation= reduced cones, growth loss, top kill or mortality

-injury: spring- small larvae mine in needles > move to swelling buds, summer- maturing larvae feed on young foliage within loosely webbed shelters > young foliage depleted, move to older

-trees usually recover unless repeated severe defoliation for period >3 yrs, increase susceptibilty to Fd beetle 

-adult: wings folded flat over body- bell shaped outline, mottled color orange-brown

-larvae: young- light brown with black head capsule, older larvae- light green w/ brown head capsules, ivory colored spots

Acleris gloverana

Western blackheaded budworm

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

principle hosts: W. hemlock, Mtn hemlock, Abies, occasionally Picea and Fd

-signs: heavily infested trees appear reddish brown, defoliation most severe in upper crown

-injury: spring- young larvae bore into opening buds, summer- maturing larvae construct loose shelters of clipped needles, feeding appears "wasteful" bc dont consume entire needle

adult: small grey-brown moth, wide varation in color & pattern (black, brown, orange, white, yellow)

larvae: bright green to yellow green with black-brown head capsule, black thoracic shield 

Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa

Western hemlock looper

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

-principle hosts: W. hemlock, W. red cedar, W. white pine, Sitka spruce, Pacific silver fir, Fd, understory vegetation

-signs: reddish foliage thru crowns, "wasteful feeder"- partly consumed needles, entire trees may be defoliated in 1-2 yrs

-injury: young larvae feed on new foliage, maturing larvae feed on old foliage, (Aug-Sept) larvae drop to ground on "threads" to pupate in bark crevices or under debri > moths emerge to lay eggs 10-14 days later

-adult: medium-size moth, wings w/ distinct geometric pattern

-larvae: typical geometrid "inch worm" larvae, reduced # of prolegs, broken dark lines on sides, 4 black dots on dorsum of each segment when mature 

Orgyia pseudotsugata

Douglas-fir tussock moth

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

-principle hosts: Doulgas-fir, sometimes Abies

-signs: complete defoliation by mid summer, webbing traps needles & debri amongst branches, cocoons constructed of webbing around branches

-injury: spring- larvae feed on new foliage, summer-maturing larvae feed on older foliage, caterpillars produce webbing and travel branch to branch

-adult: male- brown/grey with feathery antennae, female= flightless (reduced wings)- lay eggs in frothy mass mixed with body hairs on old cocoons

-larvae: 2 "pencils" of long black hair project from prothorax, 1 pencil of black hair project backwards from abdomen, short tufts of hairs on first 4 abdominal segments

Lymantria dispar

Gypsy moth

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

-principle hosts: approx 300 hardwood & shrup species, sometimes on softwoods in mixed stands

-signs: oak trees often complete defoliation, egg clusters resemble small pieces of chamois to branches, bark, rocks, houses etc

-injury: larvae emerge from egg clusters (April-May), larvae consume all types of foliage

-adult: male- brown, smaller than female, bipectinate antennae, female- white w/ black lines, larger than male, well-developed wings but flightless

-larvae: dark reddish-brown with few yellowish hairs, mature have double row of dots along black (red & blue)

Malacosoma disstria

Forest tent caterpillar

Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae

principle hosts: Populus, Salix, Alnus, Betula, Prunus, Qurecus

-signs: defoliated hardwood crowns, groups of white webbed cocoons on leaves, honeycombed (hatched) or smooth (unhatched) dark egg masses

-injury: larvae feed without building a tent, to pupate- larvae web together one or more leaves in crown and spin cocoons

-adult: light yellow-brown, forewings dark banded

-larvae: dark brown with blue to black sides

Pissodes strobi

White pine weevil

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

principle hosts: Picea spp. (Pinus in east)

-signs: current infestation appears as wilting of leader & formation of characteristic "shepherds crook", older injury appears as multiple leaders and crooked stem

-injury: larvae form "feeding ring" burrowing w/in cambial tissues moving DOWN the leader, late summer- larvae construct pupal cells in pith & wood of stem ("chip cocoons"), adults emerge & overwinter in duff

-adult: reddish-brown w/ patches of lighter brown or grey scales, slender snout

-larvae: curved, legless, yellow-white with light brown head

Pissodes terminalis

Lodgepole pine terminal weevil

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

-principle host: Lodgepole pine

-signs: current infestation- wilting of leader & formation of "shepherds crook", older injury- multiple leaders and crooked stems

-injury:larvae feed in cambial tissues of current years leader, larvae mine UPWARDS towards terminal bud, chip cocoons formed in pith of current years leader

-adult: mottled yellowish-brown

-larvae: curved, legless, yellowish-white w/ light brown heads

Adelges cooleyi

Cooley spruce gall adelgid

Homoptera: Adelgidae

-principle hosts: Picea spp and Douglas-fir

-signs: Spruce- cone-like galls on mid & lower crown branches, Douglas-fir- white cottony fluff on needles exuded free-feeding insects

-semivoltine life cycle: alternation btwn Fd and spruce (will persist on either when other is not present)

-after mating, females lay eggs, nymphs emerge to feed on spruce needles & in fall move to branch tips, just below buds where they overwinter

-nymphs complete dvlpmnt in spring, females lay ~200 eggs, emerging nymphs move to new growth to feed

-during second yr winged parthenogenetic females emerge from galls and migrate to Fd, lay eggs, etc , new adults back to spruce

Adelges picea

Balsam wooly adelgid

Homoptera: Adelgidae

-principle hosts: Abies spp

-signs: affected crowns appear chlorotic, thin, w/ stunted terminals & possibly dead tops, swellings (gouting) around buds and branch nodes, infested stands exhibit general decline, tree mortality common after 2-3 yrs

-adults: small, wingless & covered w/ wooly like material

-eggs laid in clusters in spring, 1st stage nymphs called crawlers (only mobile stage)

-1-2 weeks nymphs disperse to new location by wind, bird, mammals, & crawling > after dispersal, insert tube-like mouthparts into tree & remain sessile (become neosisten), produce wooly secretions

-neosistens develop thru 3-4 instars; at maturity, lay eggs

Echinodontium tinctorium

Brown stringy trunk rot

Decay fungi- true heart rot decay

-mainly attacks hemlock and true firs

*hymenium on spines and red context

*basidocarps usually produced below dead branch stubs (most common place for 'true heart rots'

Fomitopsis officinalis

Brown trunk rot

decay fungi- quinine fungus

-comonly on larch and old growth Fd in pacific NW

*recognized by chalky white fruiting body (bitter taste)

Fomitopsis pinicola

Brown crumbly rot

Decay fungi- common brown rot decay

-common on dead confiers (not common on living): Hemlock, true firs, spruces > species lacking strong heartwood toxins

-generally decay heartwood while other fungi decay sapwood

*basidicoarp perennial- white when young, then brown with reddish edge above and cream white below

Ganoderma applanatum

White mottled rot

decay fungi- 'artists fungus' 

common decay of living and dead hardwoods in pacific NW, also on conifers

*large flat basidiocarps- upper surface is even light brown; margin and lower surface white (when actively growing), turning tan brown 

Gloeophyllum sepiarium 

Brown cubical rot

decay fungi- 'slash conk'

-on dead hardwoods (thru NA) and conifers (PNW) 

*easily recognized by its hairy, brown concentrically zoned upper surface and gill-like pores

Laetiporus sulphureus

Brown cubical rot

decay fungi- 'chicken of the woods'

-on living and recently killed conifers, esp. Hemlock and sitka spruce

*brightly colored (orange above, sulfur below) annual fruiting bodies, produced in large quantities

Phellinus tremulae

Aspen trunk rot

decay fungi- 'true heartrot' 

-found only on aspen, main cause of decay

-often develop before reaching commercial size- major problem in harvesting aspen

Stereum sanguinolentum 

Red heart rot

decay fungi

-common on slash, but can cause decay in living trees

-enters thru wounds

* hymenium arranged as flat, exposed surface of a paper-thin fruiting body covering surface of substrate

- when fruiting bodies bruised, they turn red

Trametes versicolor

White soft stringy heartwood rot

decay fungi

most common decay of dead heardwoods in west

*decayed wood is soft, light in color and often exhibits dark zone lines

Trichaptum abietinum

Pitted sap rot

decay fungi

common in standing dead or downed conifers in sapwood

* produces pitted white rot

often associated with Fomitopsis pinicola

sample was crusty

Armillaria ostoyae

Armillaria root disease

-common in conifers in S. BC, alberta, USA

*parasitic phase- large, white mycelial fans along phloem & cambium of tree invaded (from base to roots)

*produces rhizomorphs- shoe string like structures growing thru soil to contact & invade new roots

*fruiting body: light tan mushroom, produced in clumps at base of infected trees in fall

*decay is stringy white rot, mainly in sapwood

-some species (Fd, Picea) exhibit basal resinosis

all except Ophiostoma wagenerii caused by basidiomycetes

-can decay wood but also invade and kill living host tissues (cortex, phloem, cambum, sapwood)

*2 distinct phases of life cycle- parasitic and saprophytic (once host is dead> they decay)

*all produce similar crown symptoms- reduction of height growth, needle size & abundancechlorosis, etc and eventually tree death

-younger tree is at time of infection, faster symptoms develop

*root disease centers- spread via root contacts 

Heterobasidion annosum

Annosus root and butt rott

-in conifers, esp. Hemlock, spruce, aabies, or pines 

*large basidiocarps at base of infected trees (in crevices or underside of decayed roots), sometimes buried in duff

-often occurs as butt rot, with increment reduction but not tree death

*decay is pitted soft white rot

**fruiting body (white underneath) and stringy rot are key in identifying

-species produces abundant asexual spores, primary invader of wounds

Inonotus tomentosus

Tomentosus root rot

-major disease in N. and high elevation forests, mainly on spruce and pine when mixed with spruce

*decay is a brittle, pitted white rot with LARGE pits

*red stain in early stages of invasion, heartwood discoloration in infected root

*fruiting body is medium-sized, annual, stipitate polypore produced above infected roots at base of diseased trees

Phaeolus schweinitzii

Schweinitzii butt rot

-common of conifers, esp. Fd and spruce

*decay is a brown cubical rot- cube shape disintegration of tissues

*large, stipitate, felty brown annual fruiting bodies produced above infected roots

-difference in color of young & old fruiting body

Phellinus sulphurascens > Phellinus weirii

Laminated root rot

-common in conifers, found throughout range of Fd- Abies, Fd, larches, spruces, hemlocks (Cedar and pines resistant; hardwoods immune)

*ectotrophic grey-white mycelial sheeth on roots in soil, sometimes covered by a brown papery layer

*red stain in sapwood above infected roots

*pitted laminar decay with brown setal hyphae in pits

-in early stages, discoloration around infected area 

(for our purposes) Ascomycetes

-most lack asexual stage

typical life cycle: annual cycle with short infection period coinciding with appearance of new foliage

infected needles may not show symptoms for months, they do represent substantial E sinks for tree, most infected needles shed after 1 year shortly after spore production

-mostly result in loss of increment but in severe cases or on small seedlings can lead to death

Didymascella thujina

Cedar leaf blight

-only foliage disease on Cedar, severe on seedlings in bare-root nurseries

* 2 fruiting bodies per scale (2 large ascopore per ascus), sometimes completely covered

-large, round apothecium may drop out of scale, leaving a round hole

Elytroderma deformans

Elytroderma needle disease

-foliage disease of hard pines, esp. Pl

fungus enters twigs & induces formation of a broom (Pp) or abnormal growth (Pl)- DEFORMED BRANCH 

*elongated fruiting bodies appear as narrow black lines on bleached 2-yr old needles (look like black slits

Herpotrichia coulteri

Brown felt blight

foliar disease- snow mould

-very unspecific, many conifer hosts

-trees with minor needle infection covered with snow, fungus grows thru snow from needle to needle > **forms dark brown mat of mycelium

-when snow melts, most of needles are dead (protected by snow, dies in summer)

Hypodermella laricis

Larch needle blight

**other than mistletoe, only disease on larch

*invades short shoots > shoots then produce short needles that turn brown early in season and bear black, elliptical fruiting bodies 

-eventually complete defoliation

Lophodermium pinastri

Pine needle blight

-found on hard pines

*infected needle bears elliptical (small, roundish) black fruiting bodies

-narrow black transverse lines within needle separate domains occupied by separate infections, often on older needles

Rhabdocline pseudotsugae

Douglas-fir needle cast

-pretty much only Fd foliar disease, very common on Fd

*raised blisters on lower side of purplish brown needles produce spores early in spring

Rhytisma punctatum

Tar spot

foliar disease

*found on Maples

*infected leaf bear numerous small black fruiting bodies, overwinter on ground & produce ascospores early in spring

Mycosphaerella pini

Dothistroma needle blight

-foliar disease of hard pines

* infected needles exhibit red transverse bands (zebra-like), eventually causes defoliation

-predominantly asexual reproduction, conidia produced on infected needles in wet weather during growing season

disease of bark

-pathogen kills patches of bark that may eventually girlde and kill branches or whole trees

*Ascomycetes

-tend to be more common and serious on hardwoods than conifers

Atropellis piniphila

Atropellis canker

-canker of hard pines

*symptoms: long, narrow, sunken patches of dead bark with copious resin flow & black-blue stain in underlying sapwood

-seldom kills dominant or co-dom trees, but leads to major reductions in lumber recovery, more common in drought stressed sites

Hypoxylon mammatum

Hypoxylon canker

-one of several aspen cankers

*perithecia formed inside black stromata (crusts of fungal hyphae)

Nectria spp.

Nectria canker

-forms on several hardwoods, most commonly here on apple

-note boundary between dead and live bark tissues

-note red pycnidia

have complex life cycles involving 2 hosts and 5 spore stages

spore stages:

0 spermagonia

I aecia

II uredinia

III telia

IV basidia

Chrysomyxa pirolata

Inland spruce cone rust

-cycles between winter green (telial host) and spruce cones (aecial host) 

*infected cones turn brown & begin to open ~3 weeks early

-some yrs destroys cone crop

Cronartium coleosporioides 

Stalactiform blister rust

-rust of hard pines

-telial hosts are members of several genera in Scrophulariaceae 

*infections on pine tend to be long & narrow

-causes mortality on young Pl and stem deformation on older trees 

-bark infected very attractive to squirrels and often gnawed

Cronartium comandrae

Comandra blister rust

-rust of hard pines

-telial host is Geocaulon livida

*infections on pine stems spread rapidly tangentially & longitudinally

Cronartium ribicola

White pine plister rust

introduced rust cycles between white pine (aecial host) and members of genus Ribes (telial host)

Endocronartium harknessii

Western gall rust

-rust of hard pines, more reduced life cycle thn Cronartiums

-only aeciospores are produced on woody galls in spring > infect expanding shoot by direct penetration thru epidermis

*woody globose gall results

Melampsora medusae

Conifer-aspen rust

-foliage rust that cycles between needles of various conifers (mainly Fd) (aecial host) and leaves of aspen (telial host)

Melampsora occidentalis

Conifer-cottonwood rust

foliage rust of cottonwood (telial host) and conifer needles (aecial host)

Arceuthobium americanum

Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe

-mistletoe has branching shape

-infects hard pines, mostly Pl in BC

-found in interior, widespread and damaging

Arceuthobium douglasii

Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe

-restricted to Douglas-fir of dry southern interior 

*induces large, dense brooms on Fd, mistletoe plants shorter than Fd needles

Arceuthobium laricis

Larch dwarf mistletoe

-dwarf mistletoe of larch

-very damaging to host wherever it occurs, SE BC only

Arceuthobium tsugense

Hemlock Dwarf mistletoe

-restricted to coast