Term
| We can use FPs as a means of identification because: |
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Definition
| They are unique (highly variable) and permanent (persistent). |
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Term
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Definition
- Side-by-side comparison of two fingerprints (one latent print and one record print usually) to determine whether the details in the two prints are in agreement based on similarity, sequence, and spatial relationship
- Subjective assessment of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd level details
- Examiner establishes a tolerance for variation
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Term
| Name the Fundamentals of fingerprint comparison. |
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Definition
- Variations in appearance
- Substrate or surface influence
- Matrix (residues on the skin)
- Environment
- Trauma to the skin
- Processing methods
- Capturing techniques
- Handling, packaging, and storage
- Viewing and enlarging techniques
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Term
| Why are there variations in appearance? |
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Definition
The skin is elastic and will never touch a surface in
the same way twice (every print will appear slightly
different) |
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Term
| Name the three levels of Galton Details. |
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Definition
First Level - Overall Pattern (Pattern type)
Second Level - Ridge Path (Bifurcation, Ridge Ending, Dot)
Third Level - Ridge Shape |
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Term
| What are the Level 1 pattern types? |
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Definition
- Core
- Delta
- Loops
- Whorls
- Arches
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Term
| Name and describe the types of Loops. |
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Definition
- Ulnar Loop - Ridges flow toward the little finger.
- Radial Loop - Ridges flow toward the thumb.
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Term
| Name and describe the types of Whorls. |
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Definition
- Plain Whorl - When a line is drawn between the two deltas, at least one recurving ridge is cut or touched.
- Central Pocket Loop Whorl - When a line is drawn between the two deltas, no recurving line is cut or touched.
- Double Loop Whorl - Two separate loop formations with two separate sets of shoulders and two deltas
- Accidental Whorl - A combo of two different types of patterns (not a plain arch), with two or more deltas, or a pattern which possesses some of the requirements for two or more different types of patterns or a pattern which does not conform to any of the other patterns.
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Term
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Definition
| Has two deltas and a recurve in front of each delta |
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Term
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Definition
One or more ridges enter one side, recurve, and exit on the same side it entered.
o Sufficient recurve
o Delta
o Ridge count |
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Term
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Definition
| Ridges enter on one side, rise and fall, and exit on the other side. |
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Term
| Name and describe the types of Arches. |
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Definition
- Plain arch- cannot have a looping ridge, an angle or an upthrust.
- Tented arch-has an angle or upthrust, or two characteristics of a loop.
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Term
| Describe Second Level detail. |
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Definition
- Path of a specific ridge.
- Includes the starting position of the ridge, the path the ridge takes, the activity of the ridge, the length of the ridge path, and where the ridge path ends.
- Considered Unique (sufficient for identification).
- There are approximately 150 ridge characteristics in an average fingerprint.
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Term
| Name individual ridge characteristics (level two detail). |
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Definition
- Ridge Ending
- Bifurcation
- Dot
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Term
| Describe Third Level detail. |
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Definition
Pore location and shapes of the ridges.
o Edges, textures, pore position.
o Considered unique (sufficient
for identification).
o Not always reproduced in latent prints. |
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Term
| Who wrote "Finger Prints" in 1892? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name Ashbaugh's Friction Ridge Identification Philosophy. |
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Definition
- Friction ridge formations
- In sequence
- Having sufficient uniqueness
- To individualize
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Term
| Describe “Friction ridge formations”. |
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Definition
| Formed through differential growth. |
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Term
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Definition
The systematic analysis and comparing of all available
friction ridge areas. Demonstrates that all friction ridge
areas are directly joined (being able to explain their
association, if separated). |
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Term
| Describe “Having sufficient uniqueness”. |
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Definition
Depends on the quality and quantity of information
available in the impression. Is also based on an
examiner's training, knowledge, and experience. |
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Term
| Describe “To individualize”. |
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Definition
Based on knowledge of theory and technique. May also
entail considerable experience. |
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Term
| What is Ridgeology based upon? |
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Definition
Quality (Clarity) and Quantity:
o As quality increases, the significance of the detail increases.
o Cannot exist without quantity. |
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Term
| Compare discrepancy versus dissimilarity. |
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Definition
- Discrepancy- The presence of friction ridge detail in
one impression that does not exist in another.
- Dissimilarity-Difference in appearance.
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Term
| Name and describe the acronym ACE-V. |
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Definition
- Analysis - Information Gathering.
- Comparison.
- Evaluation - Final Conclusion.
- Verification.
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Term
| What is meant by Influences in fingerprint comparison? |
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Definition
- The knowledge and beliefs in uniqueness and persistency of impression evidence
- Bias, pressure, expectations
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Term
| What factors determine if a fingerprint is of value? |
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Definition
- Suitability
- Suitable
- Sufficiency
- Sufficient
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Term
| Describe Suitability and Suitable. |
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Definition
- Suitability- Latent impressions that have significant quality and quantity of ridge formations that, in the opinion of the examiner, warrant a comparison.
- Suitable- the determination that there is sufficiency in an impression to be of value for further analysis or comparison.
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Term
| Describe Sufficiency and Sufficient. |
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Definition
- Sufficiency- the product of the quality and
quantity of objective data under observation.
- Sufficient- the determination that there is
sufficiency in a comparison to reach a conclusion at
the comparison stage.
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Term
| What is the threshold to determine sufficiency? |
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Definition
| In North America, the prevailing threshold of sufficiency is the examiner’s determination that sufficient quantity and quality of detail exists in the prints being compared. |
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Term
| What are the types of possible errors? |
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Definition
- Erroneous identification (Bum ID) (You said it was him, but it wasn't.)
- Missed identification (You said it wasn’t him, but it was.)
- Clerical
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Term
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Definition
| Change of shape or form due to applied stress. Caused by the elasticity of the skin. |
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Term
| What is Elastic Deformation? |
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Definition
| When the skin returns to its original state after the stress is removed. |
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