• 1684
• First described FRS in detail.
• In a paper, he commented on the ridge patterns appearing on the fingers, hands, toes, and feet.

• 1788
• German doctor and anatomist
• First to write that FRS was unique.
• Wrote a detailed book with drawings of FRS patterns.
• Suggested that FRS arrangements were never duplicated.

• 1823
• Professor of Anatomy at a German University
• Published a thesis on diverse ridge patterns.
• He took the work no further than naming the patterns
• Classified fingerprint patterns into NINE categories. (Precursor to the Henry System.)

• 1856 and 1897
• German Anthropologist
• Printed his own hand in 1856 and again in 1897.  Possibly the first person to conduct a permanence study.
• No credit was given.

• 1858
• British Ambassador for the East India Company
• First official use of fingerprints by an European (used to stamp a contract).
• By 1877, he instituted the use of FPs for identification purposes on a widespread basis.
• Hooghly Letter: Explained both the permanence and uniqueness of fingerprints.
• Recorded his own FPs in 1859, 1877, and 1916 to illustrate permanence.

• 1880
• Published a letter in "Nature" discussing future possibilities of FPs.
• Noted the value of individualization in regard to crime scene evidence.

• 1882
• Paris, France
• Head of the Identification Services at the Prefect of Police.
• Anthropometry: Measurements of bony body parts.
• Bertillon System: Took long to learn, expensive, slow, not used on children, subject to error.
• Used throughout the world until 1914.

• 1883
• British Anthropologist (Cousin of Charles Darwin)
• Wrote the first book on FPs in 1892 titled "Finger Prints".
• Established the individuality and permanence of FPs.
• Galton's Details: Uniting or Dividing Ridge (Bifurcations); End or Beginning of a Ridge (Ridge Ending); Short Island (Short Ridge); and Enclosure (Two Bifurcations facing each other).

• 1891
• Argentinian Police Official
• First practical use of FPs by LE.
• Created his own classification system based on Galton's research.

• 1892
• Juan Vucetich was the investigator.
• Francisca Rojas killed her two sons and cut her own throat.
• Blamed the crime on someone else.
• Bloody FPs on a doorpost belonged to Rojas.
• She confessed to the murders when confronted with the FP evidence.

• 1894
• Inspector General of Police for the Lower Provinces, Bengal.
• Collaborated with Galton, Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque, and Rai Bahaden Hem Chandra Bose to form the "Henry Classification System".
• System is widely used in most English speaking countries.

• 1903
• William West was arrested and booked into the Leavenworth Jail.
• He denied being previously booked for arrest.
• The jailer searched his Bertillon Measurements on file and found another William West who looked identical with similar measurements and was currently in prison for murder.
• FPs revealed they were not the same person.
• Three systems failed: FPs, Bertillon Measurements, and Names.

When was the Identification Division of the Bureau of Investigation created?

What records were used?

• 1924
• FPs from the National Bureau of Criminal Identification and Leavenworth Penitentiary (810,188 records).

• 1952
• Published research about fetal ridge development and differential growth.

• 1978
• Japan
• Brought to the US after 1980.

• 1999
• Compiles and publishes ACE-V methodology.
• IAFIS

• Analysis
• Comparison
• Evaluation
• Verification

• Right hand thumb is #1
• Left hand thumb is #6

• A transferred impression of friction ridge detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye.
• UNINTENTIONALLY recorded.
• Composed primarily of water with other constituents as well.

• An INTENTIONAL recording of a FP/FRI.
• Known as Tenprints, Known Prints, and Exemplars.

• Interdigital
• Hypothenar
• Thenar
• 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Joints

• Interdigital
• Hallucal/Ball
• Thenar
• Hypothenar
• Calcar/Heel

• First Level: Overall Pattern
• Second Level: Ridge Path (Bifurcation, Ridge Ending, and Dot)
• Third Level: Ridge Shape

1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis

• Provides a protective barrier
• Body temperature regulation
• Sensation
• Excretion
• Immunity
• Blood reservoir
• Synthesis of Vitamin D

• Smooth Skin
• Friction Ridge Skin

• The hands and feet.
• Allows the hands and feet to grasp surfaces.

• Sweat glands
• Highest concentrations and largest are located in FRS.
• Rooted in dermal skin.
• Excrete sweat and waste.

• Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)
• Stratum Lucidum (Hyalin Layer)
• Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)
• Stratum Spinosum (Spinous Layer)
• Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)
• (From outermost to innermost)

• Genetically controlled creases through the location of the VPs.
• Three

• Chemists
• Photographers
• Dishwashers
• Bartenders
• Masons

The junction between the dermis and epidermis strengthening the connection, exchange, and surface area between the two layers.

Dermal Papillae run on either side of a primary ridge making it possible to use the dermis in comparisons.

• Immature ridges that were not fully developed at the time when primary ridge formation was turned off.  They appear in the furrows.
• May or may not be recorded on deposition pressure.
• Around 40% of people will have them.  More on men and more on the thumbs.
• Increase with age and may become more noticeable with ageing.

• Genetics
• Environmental conditions
• Timing

• Genetics
• Environmental conditions
• Timing components

• Keratinocytes in the basal layer begin to migrate to the edge of the wound.
• Keratinocytes continue migrating & new keratinocytes are produced.
• Migrating keratinocytes meet in the middle of the wound.
• The newly formed basal layer begins dividing to reconstitute the upper layers.
• Keratinocytes undergo differentiation as they are pushed toward the surface.
• Continued differentiation of the keratinocytes.
• New epidermis is completely formed.

Sudoriferous Glands

Sebaceous Glands

• Eccrine Glands
• Apocrine Glands

• Found all over the body, but in the greatest concentration on the hands and feet.
• Largest sweat glands.
• Secretes mainly water.
• Secretes organic compounds.

• Found in the armpits and pubic regions.
• Secretes a thicker fluid.
• Secretes proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and iron.

• Located in the dermis.
• Associated with body hair.
• Not found on the hands and feet.
• Release oil called sebum.
• Protects skin and hair against water, acts as a lubricant, and helps absorb fat soluble substances.

• Visible (Patent) Prints
• Plastic Prints
• Latent Prints

• Pre-transfer
• Transfer
• Post-Transfer

• Porous
• Non-porous
• Semi-porous
• Adhesive
• Difficult substrates

• Materials such as paper, cardboard, unfinished wood, etc. 
• Residue from the hands or feet is absorbed by the fibers of the material.
• Amino acids remain relatively stationary when absorbed.
• Less fragile.

1. Visual Search (White Light/ALS)
2. Iodine (no longer used)
3. DFO/ALS, Indanedione/ALS
4. Ninhydrin
5. Physical Developer or Silver Nitrate

• Items such as metal, glass, plastic, painted wood, etc.
• Residue remains on the surface of the item.
• Easily damaged.

1. Visual Search (White Light/ALS)
2. Cyanoacrylate Ester (Superglue Fuming)
3. White Light
4. Dye Stain / ALS
5. Vacuum Metal Deposition (rarely used)
6. Powder

1. Visual Search (White Light/ALS)
2. Cyanoacrylate Ester (Superglue Fuming)
3. White Light
4. Dye Stain (water-based) / ALS
5. Florescent Powder

1. Visual Search (White Light/ALS)
2. Cyanoacrylate Ester (Superglue Fuming)
3. Dye Stains / ALS
4. Sticky-side powder or Crystal Violet

• First noted in 1976.
• Fluorescence that is emitted naturally.
• Produced by Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and Pyridoxin.
• Likely due to luminescent contaminants from the environment and not naturally secreted compounds.

• Reflective Ultra-Violet Imaging System
• Works best after CA fuming on multi-colored, smooth backgrounds.
• The difference in reflection between the (specular/mirror-like) reflection of the background and the (diffuse/many angle) reflection of the LP.

• MBD
• Ardrox P-113D
• Rhodamine 6G
• RAM (R6G, Ardrox, and MBD)
• Basic Yellow
• RAY (R6G, Ardrox, Basic Yellow)
• Basic Red

• Fineness
• Adhesion (Binder)
• Color (Pigment)
• Flow

• Black
• White
• Dual Contrast
• Magnetic (most effective)
• Fluorescent (with an ALS)

• Fiberglass
• Camel Hair
• Feather
• Magnetic (Magna Brush)

• Tape
• Gel/Rubber
• Hinge Lifters
• Casting

• Method used to develop friction ridges on porous surfaces.  It reacts with amino acids.  It is applied by dipping, brushing, or spraying the item.  The application of heat quickens the development, but it is not required.  Can be visualized with 515nm-570nm and either an orange or red filter.
• It is considered the single best reagent for paper.
• 46% more LPs were developed with IND than DFO followed by Ninhydrin.

• Method used to develop friction ridges on porous surfaces.  It reacts with amino acids.  It is applied through dipping, brushing, or spraying.  It is heated to 100 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes.
• Can be viewed at 495nm-550nm with orange or red goggles.
• Shown to develop 2-3 times more LPs than Ninhydrin alone.

• Method used to develop friction ridges on porous surfaces.  Reacts with primary and secondary amines, proteins, & polypeptides to obtain "Ruhemann's Purple" color reaction.
• First used in 1954.
• Can be further developed using Zinc Chloride or a Cadmium metal salt solution.
• Is catalyzed by the addition of heat and humidity (80 degrees Celsius and 80% humidity.
• Viewed at 530nm-590nm with orange or red goggles.

1. Water Pretreatment - Removes dirt and soil.
2. Acid Pretreatment - Reacts with Calcium Carbonate in alkaline paper, causing CO2 release (neutralization of the paper).
3. PD Treatment - Chemical reaction of silver and FP residue (lipids, oils, etc).
4. Water Post-Treatment - Removes excess silver.
5. Drying - Evidence is thoroughly dried.

• Photography after every development with scale.
• Scanning (1,000 ppi)
• Lifting