• 1684
• First described FRS in detail.
• In a paper, he commented on the ridge patterns appearing on the fingers, hands, toes, and feet.

• 1788
• German doctor and anatomist
• First to write that FRS was unique.
• Wrote a detailed book with drawings of FRS patterns.
• Suggested that FRS arrangements were never duplicated.

• 1823
• Professor of Anatomy at a German University
• Published a thesis on diverse ridge patterns.
• He took the work no further than naming the patterns
• Classified fingerprint patterns into NINE categories. (Precursor to the Henry System.)

• 1856 and 1897
• German Anthropologist
• Printed his own hand in 1856 and again in 1897.  Possibly the first person to conduct a permanence study.
• No credit was given.

• 1858
• British Ambassador for the East India Company
• First official use of fingerprints by an European (used to stamp a contract).
• By 1877, he instituted the use of FPs for identification purposes on a widespread basis.
• Hooghly Letter: Explained both the permanence and uniqueness of fingerprints.
• Recorded his own FPs in 1859, 1877, and 1916 to illustrate permanence.

• 1880
• Published a letter in "Nature" discussing future possibilities of FPs.
• Noted the value of individualization in regard to crime scene evidence.

• 1882
• Paris, France
• Head of the Identification Services at the Prefect of Police.
• Anthropometry: Measurements of bony body parts.
• Bertillon System: Took long to learn, expensive, slow, not used on children, subject to error.
• Used throughout the world until 1914.

• 1883
• British Anthropologist (Cousin of Charles Darwin)
• Wrote the first book on FPs in 1892 titled "Finger Prints".
• Established the individuality and permanence of FPs.
• Galton's Details: Uniting or Dividing Ridge (Bifurcations); End or Beginning of a Ridge (Ridge Ending); Short Island (Short Ridge); and Enclosure (Two Bifurcations facing each other).

• 1891
• Argentinian Police Official
• First practical use of FPs by LE.
• Created his own classification system based on Galton's research.

• 1892
• Juan Vucetich was the investigator.
• Francisca Rojas killed her two sons and cut her own throat.
• Blamed the crime on someone else.
• Bloody FPs on a doorpost belonged to Rojas.
• She confessed to the murders when confronted with the FP evidence.

• 1894
• Inspector General of Police for the Lower Provinces, Bengal.
• Collaborated with Galton, Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque, and Rai Bahaden Hem Chandra Bose to form the "Henry Classification System".
• System is widely used in most English speaking countries.

• 1903
• William West was arrested and booked into the Leavenworth Jail.
• He denied being previously booked for arrest.
• The jailer searched his Bertillon Measurements on file and found another William West who looked identical with similar measurements and was currently in prison for murder.
• FPs revealed they were not the same person.
• Three systems failed: FPs, Bertillon Measurements, and Names.

When was the Identification Division of the Bureau of Investigation created?

What records were used?

• 1924
• FPs from the National Bureau of Criminal Identification and Leavenworth Penitentiary (810,188 records).

• 1952
• Published research about fetal ridge development and differential growth.

• 1978
• Japan
• Brought to the US after 1980.

• 1999
• Compiles and publishes ACE-V methodology.
• IAFIS