Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the cardinal rules in crime scene photography? |
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Definition
| Fill the Frame, Maximize Depth of Field, Keep the film plane parallel |
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Term
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Definition
| A shadow in which detail cannot be seen |
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Term
| For a photograph to be admissible in court, what 4 things must it be? |
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Definition
| Relevant to the issue being contested, must be either to prove or disprove a material issue, the image must be authentic and it must be a fair and accurate representation of its subject matter. |
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Term
| True or False: The person who took the photograph must be the person to authenticate the photograph in court. |
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Definition
| False. It just has to be someone who was there when the photograph was present. |
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Term
| What is the first cardinal rule of crime scene photography? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the second cardinal rule of crime scene photography? |
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Definition
| Maximize Depth of Field (DOF) |
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Term
| What is the third cardinal rule of crime scene photography? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we take photographs at a crime scene? |
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Definition
| To document the scene as is; to show the court the scene as the photographer saw it; for future laboratory examination; to refresh memory for report writing; to corroborate or refute testimony; to provide investigative leads |
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Term
| What does a photo have to be to be admissible in court? |
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Definition
| A fair and accurate representation of the scene |
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Term
| What is a fair and accurate representation of the scene? |
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Definition
The photo has proper exposure, color accuracy, distance relationships, focus/DOF, and size
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Term
| Besides fair and accurate, a photo must be more [blank] than [blank] to be admitted into court. |
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Definition
| probative rather than prejudicial |
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Term
| If a photo is too graphic for court, what is one way the photo make be taken so it can be admissible? |
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Definition
| Take the photo in monochrome (black and white) or change it to monochrome in post processing |
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Term
| What are steps to taking a photo? |
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Definition
1. Compose the primary subject
2. Determine the proper exposure
3. Focus the camera
4. Take the photo |
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Term
| What is extra miscellaneous background or foreground that is not needed in a photograph called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which picture is filling the frame?[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| If you have a shadow covering part of your evidence, what should you do? |
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Definition
| Stand to create a shadow over the entire piece of evidence, use a forensic umbrella, or use a flash |
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Term
| How doe you fix lens flare? |
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Definition
| Use a lens hood, hand, clip board, or umbrella |
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Term
| An object is partially in shade. How do you properly expose the photograph? |
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Definition
| Creating a shadow over the entire object (i.e. umbrella or self), or use a flash |
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Term
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Definition
| Light from the sun enters the lens directly |
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Term
| What is reciprocal exposure? |
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Definition
| It is the changing of shutter speed, aperture, and ISO, but still getting the same exposure (exposure triangle) |
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Term
| When is a time you would not be film plane parallel |
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Definition
| Reflective surfaces that cause hot spots (i.e. mirrors and windows) |
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Term
| What shape do you form when you are taking a midrange photograph? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a mid range photograph? |
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Definition
| It shows the special relationship between two objects (i.e. evidence and a fixed object) |
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Term
| What are the four variable of good exposure? |
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Definition
| Shutter Speed, ISO, Aperture, Ambient Light |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure is the product of intensity of light that reaches the digital sensor which is controlled by the lens aperture and the length of time which is controlled by the shutter speed |
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Term
| +1 exposure stop [blank] the exposure and -1 [blank] the exposure. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A system of mirrors and prisms shows the user the image in the viewfinder exactly the way the lens captures the image on the sensor.
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Lens, 2. Mirror down, 3. shutter, 4. sensor, 5. mirror up, 6. lens element, 7. pentaprism, 8. view finder |
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Term
| When the mirror is up in a camera, what will you see and why? |
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Definition
| Nothing because the mirror is up to allow light to the sensor |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the amount of time the shutter is open |
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Term
| Why do you not want to hand hold a shutter speed slower than 1/60th? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The opening of the lens through which light passes |
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Term
| Give an example of a wide aperture? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a narrow f/stop |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It is the sensor's sensitivity to light. Stands for International Organization for Standards |
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Term
| When using high ISOs, what is the graininess called? |
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Definition
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Term
| +1 always [blank] light, -1 always [blank] light |
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Definition
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Term
| ISO 100 is used in what type of conditions? |
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Definition
| Sunny day, midday sun, 10-3 and comparison photographs |
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Term
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Definition
| Other times outdoors, indoors, night |
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Term
| What are two light conditions that capture accurate colors? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you fix color changes due to ambient light? |
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Definition
| Use a flash, filters, or change the white balance |
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Term
| How do you take a proper photograph? (i.e. How to hold the camera) |
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Definition
1. Right hand holds camera body with index finger on shutter button, left hand cradles bottom of camera (thumb and index finger rotate focus and zoom), 2. Tuck in elbows, 3. Bring camera close to the face, 4. Hold breath
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Term
| What does "use shutter speed closest to the focal length of the lens on the camera" mean? |
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Definition
| To avoid camera shake you have to use a minimum shutter speed that is close to the focal length (i.e. 50mm, the closest is 1/60th. For a 500mm lens, 1/500th is the slowest hand held) |
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Term
| What shutter speed will freeze someone walking? |
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Definition
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Term
| What shutter speed will freeze someone running or jumping? |
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Definition
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Term
| What shutter speed will freeze a slow moving vehicle or a bicycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What shutter speed will freeze a fast vehicle (60mph)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What shutter speed will freeze a prop plane? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It is the tracking of movement, like leading an animal for a shot |
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Term
| If you have a correct exposure and you change one of the components, you have to change another component in the [blank] direction to allow for the same amount of light (typically refers to f/stop and shutter speed). |
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Definition
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Term
| What direction do you have to change the shutter speed for a reciprocal exposure if your f/stop was changed from f/5.6 to f/8? |
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Definition
| The opposite direction, +1 since the change from f/5.6 to f/8 is -1 |
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Term
| Why do we us reciprocal exposures? |
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Definition
Max DOF, Eliminate blur from camera shake, Freeze objects
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Term
| If your f/stop is 5.6 and your shutter speed is 1/60th, what is the shutter speed for a reciprocal exposure at f/11, ISO being constant at 400? |
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Definition
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Term
If your f/stop is f/8 and your shutter speed is 1/125th, what is the shutter speed for a reciprocal exposure at f/4, ISO being constant at 400? |
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Definition
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Term
If your f/stop is f/8 and your shutter speed is 1/60th, what is the f/stop for a reciprocal exposure at 1/250th, ISO being constant at 400? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between personal photography and crime scene photography? |
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Definition
| personal photography focuses on one or a few individuals or objects where as crime scene photography contain many layers that have to be in focus |
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Term
| Focus is composed of 3 concepts. What are they? |
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Definition
| Resolution, Acuteness, Sharpness |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the system's ability to distinguish "resolve" line pairs |
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Term
| What resolution in digital cameras is similar to film cameras? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the standards set for fax machines and printers for resolution? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The camera's ability to render sharp images |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When is a camera said to be confused? |
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Definition
| When the circles of light either converge before or after the sensor, thus being confused and out of focus |
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Term
| What are the three things that cause autofocus to fail? |
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Definition
When there is not enough contrast
When there is not enough light or too much light
When near and far objects are close together
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Term
| What camera setting effects depth of field? |
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Definition
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Term
| What camera setting stops motion? |
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Definition
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Term
| If using f/22, what distance should you focus at? |
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Definition
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Term
| If using f/16, what distance should you focus at? |
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Definition
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Term
| If using F11, what distance should you focus at? |
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Definition
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Term
| If using f/8, what distance should you focus at? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the distances you should focus at for f stops f/22, f/16, f/11, and f/8 |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the rule of 3rds. |
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Definition
| 1/3 in front will be in focus and 2/3 behind will be in focus when background is between 5' and 20' |
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Term
| When using the rule of 3rds, where do you focus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Diopter do? |
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Definition
| Adjusts the view finder for eye quality |
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Term
| What 3 things effect depth of field? |
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Definition
| F/stop, camera lens choice, and camera to subject distance |
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Term
| What focal length is closest to the human eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lenses have better DOF and why? |
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Definition
| Wide aperture lenses have better DOF than normal and normal lenses have better DOF than Telephoto. This has to do with the focal length of the camera because at longer focal lengths the diaphragm will be larger at the same f/stop |
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Term
| What is a wide angle lens, normal lens, and telephoto lens? |
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Definition
| Wide angle is anything less than 50mm, normal is 50mm, and telephoto is anything greater than 50mm |
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Term
| What type of distortion does a wide angle lens create? |
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Definition
| wide angle will elongate distances |
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Term
| What type of distortion does a telephoto lens create? |
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Definition
| Telephoto lenses compress distances |
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Term
| What type of distortion will a wide angle and telephoto lens create? |
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Definition
| Wide angle lens will elongate distances and a telephoto lens will compress distances |
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Term
| What is the rule of thumb for magnification? |
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Definition
| You should use a lens with a focal length of 2mm per foot of distance. i.e. if you are 50' away and you want to magnify you need a 100mm lens |
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Term
| Explain pincushion distortion and what type of lens causes it? |
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Definition
| The pincushion distortion is when the middle bows inward and this is caused by a telephoto lens |
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Term
| What is the recommended f/stop for critical comparisons and why? |
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Definition
| f/8 or f/11 because of diffraction that occurs at the two smallest apertures |
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Term
| What are characteristics of a wide angle image? |
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Definition
| Max DOF, Elongate background and foreground, wider field of view, |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of a telephoto lens? |
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Definition
| magnification, narrower DOF range, narrower field of view, compression of foreground and background |
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Term
| What is the bending of light when it strikes an edge that creates a loss of edge sharpness? |
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Definition
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Term
| When can a wide aperture be used for close up photography? |
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Definition
| When trying to blur the background, such as a fingerprint on a window |
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Term
| In regards to crime scene photography, what is relevant evidence? |
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Definition
| Relevant evidence is any evidence that tends to prove or disprove any disputed fact in a case. |
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Term
| How is hard shadow eliminated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does lens flare look like in a photo? |
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Definition
| Round circles of light in your photo |
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Term
| Explain hyperfocal focusing |
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Definition
| By using the DOF scale on a lens, the photographer is able to determine what will be in focus on distances all the way to infinity based on the f/stop |
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Term
| What type of focusing is used with the rule of thirds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Linear Point of View |
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Definition
| A linear point of view aligns the photographer, one item of interest, and a second item of interest in a single line. They should always be avoided. |
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Term
| What is a wagon wheel ellipse |
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Definition
| When viewing the wagon wheel from an angle the spokes appear different lengths. |
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Term
| What is an another name for the shutter in an SLR camera since it is located near the sensor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for determining the f/stop from the diaphragm diameter (DOD) and the focal length? |
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Definition
F/stop=Focal Length/DOD.
This is why at the same f/stop a wider angle lens will a greater DOF than a telephoto lens. i.e. with an 50mm and a 100mm, f/8, the DOD is 6.25mm and 12.5mm. With the 50mm the DOD is narrower and thus allows for a greater DOF range |
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Term
| Define High Dynamic Range Photographs |
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Definition
| The camera takes bracketed photographs and then combines them so all parts are properly exposed. On Nikon this is called Active D lighting. |
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Term
| What is dirty snow in photography and how do you correct it. |
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Definition
| When the background is very light colored the photograph will appear under exposed. +1 and +2 photographs will need to be taken. |
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Term
| What is an error scene dark scene photographs? |
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Definition
| The photo will be over exposed as metered and thus a -1 and -2 photograph will need to be taken. |
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Term
| What shutter speeds eliminate rain and snow from a picture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of filter can block reflections in windshields and water and etc? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two types of filters that block sunlight to help prevent over exposure? |
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Definition
| Neutral Density Filter and Polarized Filter |
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Term
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Definition
| Scenes that reflect 18% light |
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Term
| If you don’t have a gray card what can you use to measure 18% reflection? |
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Definition
| green grass or well traveled pavement. |
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Term
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Definition
| predominantly light colored, predominantly dark colored scenes, a lot of sky, backlit scenes |
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Term
| What is the sunny day rule settings |
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Definition
| iso 100, f/16, 1/125 or reciprocal, 1/60, f/22 |
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Term
| What is the sunny day rule settings |
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Definition
| iso 100, f/16, 1/125 for bright sunny day, f11 for bright hazy day, bright overcast f8 |
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Term
| True or false: always screw filters on lenses with the lens facing up |
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Definition
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Term
| What filters help show sky realistically? |
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Definition
| UV filter, Haze filter, 1A filter, skylight filter |
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Term
| Wide angle lens suffer from barrel distortion which is |
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Definition
| straight lines bending outward near the edges |
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Term
| Wide angle lens suffer from barrel distortion which is |
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Definition
| straight lines bending outward near the edges |
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Term
| Hyperfocal focus ranges for f-stop at proper focus distances |
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Definition
f22:6’ to infinity
f16:8’
F11:12’
f/8: 15’ |
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Term
| The rule of thirds applies to what type of focusing |
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Definition
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