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| Factors that influenced Freud's theories |
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Definition
| Victorian Era, The World Wars and anti-semitism (unfounded hostility or prejudice towards Jews as a religious, racial, or ethnic group) |
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| All behavior can be reduced to the transfer or release of energy. |
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| Taking energy and channeling it into another ativity |
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| Release of energy; acting on the instinct urge |
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| gratification (pleasure urge) |
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| inhibition (pleasure urge) |
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Behavior is caused
No accidental thoughts, actions, feelings
Slips of the tongue, dreaming, hallucinating, forgetting, etc. all had purposes
People's inner lives are mysteries-need to uncover driving forces and experiences |
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| aggression or death instinct (death wish) |
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| unconscious, preconscious, and conscious |
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Can never be aware of excep under very limited circumstances (parapraxes, dreams, hypnosis)
Not bound by laws of space, time, or logic) |
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| Could be aware of if we paid attention |
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| Aware of at any given moment |
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| totally unconscious, biological, constantly sending out instinctual orders; "pleasure principle" |
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| Partly conscious, partly unconscious, engages the world-interacts with other people; "reality principle (delay gratification of the id until appropriate time) |
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| Partly conscious, partly unconscious, seeks perfecton and punishes when you deviate from perfection; moral/ethical |
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| the compromise made in giving up active pleasure-seeking and receiving negative happiness |
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| Civilization and the satisfaction of the Id |
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Definition
| id sends aggresive impulse which is blocked by the superego, who converts it to guilt and sends it to ego where it causes pain |
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Term
| Development of the Ego Primary Process |
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Definition
| The response that the id makes to the realities of life (Ex-we can't eat every time we are hungry; drive reduction) |
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| Development of the Ego Secondary Process |
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Definition
| Realistic thinking (Is there something that can satisfy my longings, and is it attainable?) |
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| Development of the Superego |
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Definition
| Parents' morals and values incorporated into one's own personality; ability to punish and reward (Conscience and self esteem) |
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| Source of erotic pleasure |
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| Falling back to an earlier stage of psychosexual development |
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| some libidinal energy remains deboted to the concerns of an earlier psychosexual stage and is not shifted to later devlopmental stages |
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Definition
| birth to 2 years; receives pleasure from "suckling" (bottle, nursing, pacifier, thumb, etc) |
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| 2-4 years; potty training era |
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| 4-6 years; Oedipus/Electra Complex |
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| 6-12 years (delay between stimulus and response) |
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| 12+ years; like the phallic stage, but not as "selfish" |
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| falling in love with mother/being envious of father; castration anxiety; identification |
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| falling in love with mother/being envious of father; castration anxiety; identification, development of superego through identification |
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| castration anxiety and identification |
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Definition
| son fears that father will be angry for him being in love with his mother. In attempt to stop hating his father, his son identifies with him by trying to be just like him (represses sexual thoughts about mother) |
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| Daughter wants her father's penis--literally (penis envy) so she makes up for not having a penis by being able to bear children |
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| Threat that unacceptable id impulses will become conscious |
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| Ego is threatened by punishment from the superego |
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| protect a person from anxiety; involve falsifications of actual conditions and are assumed to operate unconsciously. |
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| Unpleasand or undesirable impusles, thoughts, feelings, or memories are either kept in, or pushed into, the unconscious because of their anxiety-producing potential. |
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| an anxiety-producing impulse, thought, or feeling is replaced by its opposite. |
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| an attempt by the egoto reconstruct previous actions so that they are less anxiety provoking. (justifying actions, and replaying situations differently than they actually happened.) |
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| an attempt to get rid of one's own unacceptable characteristics by assigning them to others. (accusing significant other of cheating when you're cheating) |
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| offering reasonable-sounding explanations for unreasonable, unacceptable behaviors; the irrational is made to appear rational to oneself or to others. |
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| when the ego is incapable of dealing directly with threatening facts in a present situation and therefore does not acknowledge the reality of this information |
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| involves the introjection or incorporation of the qualities of another person. |
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| involves the introjection or incorporation of the qualities of another person. |
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| the channeling of instinctual enery into an activity that is an alternative to the most direct and satisfying outlet, either because such an outlet is unavailable or because it is forbidden |
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| Generally involves: free association, Dream interpretation, resistance, transference, countertransference, and interpretation of all of these things |
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| a state of relaxation where the unconscious is readily available |
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| Why Freud stopped Hypnosis |
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Definition
| Some people were hard to hypnotize, some were hard to get into deep hypnotic states, not a cure (he wasn't good at it) |
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| Spontaneity of expression--basically patient spouts off whatever comes to his/her mind |
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| Patient must give up their efforts to maintain conscious and rational thought process and must say whatever comes to mind. |
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Manifest Content: conscious aspect; what the patient says
Latent Content: Hidden, unconsciou meaning |
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Definition
| Fear of revealing unconscious (mental blocs, subject change, sidetrack discussion, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| while reliving one's past, childhood feelings and conflicts emerge from the deep recesses of the unconscious; there is, in effect, an emotional regression. As these emotions are experienced, the patient attaches them to the therapist |
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| A therapist's emotional reaction to the patient |
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| the analyst thries to explain to patients the irrational qualities of their resistances |
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| transforms latent content into manifest content |
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| a number of latent elements are expressed as a single manifest element |
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| A trivial aspect of latent dream expressed as something very important in manifest dream or vice versa |
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| unconscious elements are transformed into visual images or pictures of situations portrayed in dreams |
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| tendency to fill in the gaps and make connections so maifest dream seems to have continuity |
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| Stick, snake, tool, other elongated objects |
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| box, oven, chest, cupboard |
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| Dream symbols for a Woman |
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Definition
| house or room (doorways being orifices) |
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| watering a lawn, climbing stairs |
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| Dream Symbols for Hostility |
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Definition
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| Belief in autonomous ego functioning |
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Term
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Definition
8 Psychosocial stages of development (expansion and elaboration of Freud's psychosexual stages)
-Emphasis on social influences
-Human ego can deal creatively with life experiences and produce positive outcomes |
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Definition
-internal representations of self and objects have powerful effects on relationships with others
-focus on pre-oedipal period of development
-emphasis on discrepancies between inner-world and real-world persons and situations
-greater weight to environmental influences than biological factors |
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Term
| Pavlov's Dogs (classical conditioning) |
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Definition
| Process by which a conditioned stimulus provokes what was once an unconditioned response |
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Term
| Watson's "Little Albert" Study |
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Definition
This experiment tested classical conditioning of emotional responses.
-Little Albert was conditioned to be afraid of white rats. When a white rat was shown to him, loud noises that frightened him were made. He associated the noise with the animal, and eventually became afraid of the rat. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Considers feelings, thoughts, and other inner events, though not as causes of behavior.
2. does acknowledge the importance of genetic endowment in derermining aspects of behavior
3. Does consider topcis such as self knowledge and creativity, though not in traditional ways. |
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Definition
1. No free will
2. Genes and environment shape our behavior
3. "Personality" is behavior |
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Definition
| determined by past and present events in the objective world; it is behavior |
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| Specific behavior elicited by specific kinds of stimuli (reflexive response) |
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| Characteristics of Respondant Behavior |
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Definition
-Extinction
-Can be conditioned
-something previously neutral can be made to cause a response if you associate that neutral stimulus with something that already produces the response |
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| Behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences; Personality is a result of reinforcement |
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| add something or give something in response to a particular behavior |
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| Take some adversive stimulus away (ex take Advil to make pain stop) |
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| Reinforcement is only Reinforcement when... |
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Definition
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| Reinforcers that consist of things which are essential to live (ex: food, shelter, clothing, water) |
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| Reinforcers that are not essential to every-day life, but help to obtain what is (money to buy food) |
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| associated with more than one primary reinforcer |
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| DECREASES the frequency of an undesired behavior |
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| Giving a known negative reinforcer |
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| Taking away a known positive reinforcer |
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| when the connection between a response and the reinforcer that follows is an accidental one, occuring by chance |
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| Differential reinforcement of succesive approximations (stages) |
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| subject matter broken down into small steps |
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Definition
| Present Program and use reinforcers for correct responses. |
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Term
| Schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| The effects of intermittently reinforcing behavior |
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Definition
| A fixed number of responses is required for each reinforcement |
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| Characteristics of Fixed Ratio Reinforcement |
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Definition
-These schedules usually produce rapid rates of responding with short post-reinforcement pauses
-The length of the pause is directly proportional to the number of responses required |
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| Variable Ratio Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Random instances of the behavior are reinforced |
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| Characteristics of Variable Ratio Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Produce an overall high consistent rate of responding |
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Term
| Fixed Interval Reinforcement |
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Definition
| These schedules require the passage of a specified amount of time before reinforcement will be deliverd contingent on a response |
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| Characteristics of Fixed Interval Reinforcement |
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Definition
-No response during the interval is reinforced
-The first response following the end of the interval is reinforced
-Scalloped pattern of responding
-overall low rate of responding |
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| Variable Interval Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Changing length of time before behavior is reinforced, averaged around one number |
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| Characteristics of Variable Interval Reinforcement |
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Definition
| These schedules produce an overall low consistent rate of responding |
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Definition
| Two or more independent schedules alternating randomly |
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| Two or more independent schedules operating simultaneously |
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Definition
| Response to one stimulus results in another stimulus, then another, and so on until a primary reinforcer is obtained |
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| Skinner's views reguarding self control |
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Definition
-Rested in environmental variables and the individual's reinforcement history (NOT personal responsibility)
-if undesirable behaviors continue, they are being maintained by reinforcemment |
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| used for explanatory purposes, but in fact explain nothing |
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| Skinner's Views on Thoughts and Feelings |
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Definition
-Resluts of one's genetic endowment and environmental experiences rather than causes of one's own actions
-thinking IS behaving |
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| unique behaviors that are shaped by past reinforcement |
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Definition
-avoiding situations similar to one in which punished
-undesired behavior may be suppressed only around punisher
-May be conflict between tendency to act and tendency to hold back
-person may become unresponsive and withdrawn |
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Definition
-change circumstances that result in unwanted behavior
-ignore unwanted behavior
-Reinforce incompatible behaviors |
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Definition
-Result of reinforcement history
-Problematic behavior is learned
-BEHAVIOR is the problem |
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| Treatment of Psychological Symptoms |
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Definition
| -Therapy should focus on changing behaviors and conditions--thoughts and feelings will improve when behavior and comditions are improved |
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Definition
| calls attention to his respect for human beings as individuals who have, as their most basic nature, a tendency to strive for growth and fulfillment and who must be understood in terms of their particular conceptualizations of reality. |
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| Characteristics of Humanistic Phenomenology |
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Definition
-tendency towards actualization
-need for close, intimate relationships
-respece for humans as individuals, who must be understood in their particular conceptualizations of reality
-people need to be freed from restrictions and corrupting social influences in order to function on a high level
essential to know individual perveptions of reality in order to understand human behavior |
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Definition
-we have the freedom to make choices, but the choices we make are determined my existing factors
-Behavior is determined by various factors outside of people's control
-The better a person functions, the more freedom he/she experiences
-people develop towards freedom when they are less defensive and distorted |
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Term
| Rogers's Research Methods |
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Definition
| Analysis of recorded sessions & Q-sort |
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| Analysis of recorded sessions |
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Definition
-Negative self-talk decreased
-Positive self-talk increased
-Increased discussing fo plans, goals, and decisions |
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Definition
measure of client's subjective experiencing
-Real self and Ideal self become closer to one another |
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| Single, basic human motive to reach full human potential, which is different for every person |
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| Main Characteristics of Self-Actualization |
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Definition
Flexibility
Openness
Autonomy |
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An ideal
one who is able to move constructively in the direction of ever-increasing growth and fulfillment |
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| Organismic Valuing Process |
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Definition
-What has positive value or negative value for the individual
-Innate
-Preferences of experiences that actualize us
-Become more uncomfortable, uncertain, & inflexible as we age |
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| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
-When positive regard is based upon desired behavior, we tend to incorporate the values being imposed and lose touch with our own organismic valuing process
-Being loved and accepted for who we are, no matter what |
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Definition
| When a person only values him or herself when he or she thinks, feels, or acts in specified ways |
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| Consistency, harmony between self-concept and organismic experiencing |
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Definition
| Discrepancy, disharmony between self-concept and organismic experiencing; aka "basic estrangement" |
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| Unconditional Positive Self-Regard |
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Definition
Characteristic of the ideal fully-functioning person
-does not need the approval of others to be happy; independent |
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| Conditions for effective therapy |
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Definition
-Congruence of therapist (being genuine)
-Unconditional positive regard
-Empathic understanding
(later)
-Basic trust in people
-transcendental state of therapist (more perceptive than others) |
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Definition
| -lies on the client, only he/she has the ability to self actualize |
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Definition
| ability to detect incongruence where it exists within oneself even though that part of the person has been cut off from awareness (like preconscious) |
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| Goal of Person-Centered Therapy |
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Definition
| to become a fully-functioning person |
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