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| a Viennese physician, taught Freud about catharsis, the process of removing hysterical symptoms through “talking them out” |
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}Drives, urges, or instincts beyond our awareness but that motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions |
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}All those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with just some difficulty (address/telephone number) |
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}Most primitive
}Completely unconscious, biological urges
}Strives to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires
}Pleasure principle because its sole function is to seek pleasure
}Amoral, illogical, and unorganized |
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}Has conscious, preconscious, and unconscious components
}Grows out of the id during infancy
}Decision making/executive branch of personality
}Ego becomes anxious battling the divergent and hostile forces and uses defense mechanisms to defend against this anxiety |
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}Both preconscious and unconscious
}Moral and ideal aspects of personality; guided by the moralistic and idealist principle
}The superego grows out of the ego
}Two parts: conscience (“should not do”) and the ego ideal (“should do”)
}Strives toward perfection
}Derives from parental standards |
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•anxiety that arises from fear that id impulses will be expressed without meaning to |
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}Most basic defense mechanism
}When ego is threatened by id impulses it protects itself by forcing anxiety-causing feelings into the unconscious
}In most cases the repression lasts for a lifetime
}Most societies encourage a partial repression of sexual/aggressive drives
}Urges may: remain unchanged in the subconscious; force their way into the conscious thus creating overwhelming anxiety; be expressed in disguised forms |
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}When a repressed impulse comes out and is disguised as the exact opposite
}The disguising behavior is exaggerated and obsessive/compulsive
}E.g. you hate someone but the hatred is not socially acceptable so you pretend to love them, but in a way that is overdone and not genuine |
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}Like reaction formation, but instead of being aimed at one person, the unconscious urges are aimed at a variety of people or objects |
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}The permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier stage of development
}Moving onto the next stage of psychological development is too anxiety causing, so they fixate at one stage |
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}In times of stress or anxiety, the libido may revert back to an earlier stage of development |
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}An impulse causes too much stress and anxiety so the ego attributes the impulse to an external person or object
}Eg you’re a cheater but you’re constantly harassing someone else about cheating while ignoring/denying your own cheating
}Paranoia: extreme form of projection, mental disorder w/ powerful delusions of jealousy and persecution |
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}Incorporating positive qualities of someone else into your own ego
}Egintrojecting or adopting mannerisms/values/lifestyle of favourite movie star |
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}Repression of sexual urges by substituting a social/cultural aim
}Expressed in creative cultural accomplishments (art and stuff)
}Expressed subtly in human relationships and other social pursuits |
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}Plays a relatively minor role in the psychoanalytic theory
}Mental elements in awareness at any given point in time
◦Can come from external stimuli (perceptual conscious system)
◦Or can come from nonthreatenting ideas from the preconscious as well as menacing but well-disguised images from the unconscious |
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•anxiety that arises when a person acts or thinks about acting in a way that conflicts with one’s conscience |
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}(closely related to fear) an unpleasant nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger (ex. Driving in heavy, fast traffic in an unknown area) |
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}Infants: life-sustaining nourishment through the oral cavity but also gain pleasure through the act of sucking
}As they grow older they may experience frustration and anxiety due to scheduled feedings, increased time between feedings, etc.
}Possible defense: thumb sucking
}As they grow older and as adults able to gratify oral needs through other means such as sucking candy, chewing gum, overeating, smoking, etc. |
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}Early anal period: children receive satisfaction by destroying/losing objects (destructive nature > erotic one); may behave aggressively toward their parents for frustrating them w/ toilet training
}Late anal period: sometimes take friendly interest toward their feces (may present them to their parents as a valued prize. If behavior is accepted/praised by parents children are likely to grow into generous adults. If their gift is rejected in a punitive
fashion, they may withhold feces until it becomes painful and erotically stimulating >>> orderliness,
stinginess, obstinacy in adulthood |
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}Genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone
}Masturbation is nearly universal parents generally suppress these activities so children usually repress their conscious desire to masturbate
}Oedipal complex: around age of 5, boys have sexual impulses toward their mothers and murderous impulses toward their fathers
◦Castration complex (anxiety): fear of having one’s penis removed, which is responsible for ending the oedipal complex
}Female oedipus complex: at around the age of 5, girls have a sexual desire for their father and want to get rid of their mother
◦Penisenvy: become envious, feel cheated, and desire to have a penis (precedes and instigates the electra complex) |
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}Dormant psychosexual development brought about partly by parents’ attempts to punish or discourage sexual activity in their young children
}Children then repress sexual drive (if parents are successful) and direct psychic energy into school, friendships, hobbies, and other nonsexual activities |
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}Puberty reawakens the sexual aim & beginning of the genital period.
}Direct sexual energy towardothers instead of selves
}Elevated status of the vagina
}Freud believed this stage signals physicalmaturity but did not fully conceptualize a period of psychological maturity |
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