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| an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. |
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| Childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality |
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| Focuses on Inner capacities for growth and self fulfillment |
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| method exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to min, no matter how trivial or embarassing |
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| Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to the unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
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| reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. |
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| Small part of the iceberg under water |
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| Large part of Iceberg under water |
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| strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
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| largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id and the superego. Reality principle |
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Represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement
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| Childhood stages, in which the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
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| Pleasure centered around the mouth |
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| Focuses on bowl and bladder elimination |
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| Pleasure zone is the genitals |
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| a boys sexual desires toward his mother and jealousy of his father |
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| children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos |
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| lingering focus on pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were inresolved |
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| the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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| the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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| defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
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| defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites |
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| defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
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| defense mechanism that offers self justifying explanations in place of the real more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions. |
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| defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. |
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| Carl Jungs concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history. |
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| personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics |
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| Thematic Apperception Test(TAT |
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| people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
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| ultimate need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved: motivation to fulfill ones dreams |
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| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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| According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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| All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?" |
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| characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act as, assessed by self report inventories and peer reports |
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a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
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| most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes. |
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| a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
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| social cognitive perspective |
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| views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context |
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| the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors |
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| our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless |
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| External Locus of control |
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| the perception that chance or outside forces beyond ones personal control determine ones fate |
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| Internal locus of Control |
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| The perception that one conrols his own fate |
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| overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance performance and blunders. |
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| ones feelings of high or low self worth |
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| a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
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| The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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| Suggests how we explain someone's behavior-by crediting wither the situation or the persons disposition |
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| Fundamental Attribution error |
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| the tendency for observers when analyzing another's behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
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| feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events |
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| Foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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| the tendency for people who have first agreed to a smaller request to comply later with a larger request |
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| A set of explanations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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| we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. |
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| adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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| Normative Social Influence |
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| influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
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| Informational social influence |
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| influence resulting from ones willingness to accept opinions about reality |
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| stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
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| the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
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| the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
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| the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
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| the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
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| attitude toward a grouop and its members. Sterotypes |
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| a generalized belief about a group of people |
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| unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members |
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| "Us" people with whom one shares a common identity |
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| "Them" those perceived as different or apart from ones ingroup |
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| The tendency to favor ones own group |
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| the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
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| the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
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| any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
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| Frustration aggression principle |
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| the principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression |
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| the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the liking of them |
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| an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love realtionship |
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| the deep affectionate attachment we feel those with whom our lives are interwined |
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| a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to |
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| revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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| unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
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| the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
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| a percieved incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
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| shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
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