Term
| French Classic Period Dates |
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Definition
1665-1770
Also called French Baroque |
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Term
| Divisions and layout of typical Fr. Classic Organ |
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Definition
Positif, Grand Orgue, Récit, Echo
Separate wind chests, including an extra for Mounted Cornet
Recit is highest; Echo is buried and therefore muffled, GO is above |
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Term
| Typical stops in various divisions |
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Definition
Principals only on GO and Pos
GO has 8' Bourdon and 4' Prestant, used together
GO on large organs has 16' Montre and Bourdon, 8' Montre, 2 mixtures
Flutes at many pitch levels, both octaves and mutations
Many organs had flutes Flageolet 1' and Larigot 1 1/3'
Quarte de Nasard is 2'
Cornet is a solo mxt found on G.O., echo, and recit only, often with pipes only above middle C. Could also be assembled on Positive
Various Tierce stops: Grosse Tierce 3 ⅕
Sometimes has Grosse Nasard 5 ⅓ as well
Typical reeds: Trompette 8’, Cromorne, voix humaine 8’, Clairon 4’
Usually only 8' Bourdon and 8' Reed in pedal
2 Tremblants, Tremblant Fort and Tremblant Doux |
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Term
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Definition
| François-Henri Clicquot, son Claude-François Clicquot |
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Term
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Definition
Based on the brilliant and penetrating full-length reeds of the Grand Orgue
Full through reeds and mounted cornet, mutations
No mixtures
No 8’ principal--bourdon instead
No 4’ flute--prestant instead
No 16’
Often le tremblant fort
Often Positif coupled into G.O. |
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Term
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Definition
The soul of the French Classical organ
Full through all mixtures
Included full principal and flute chorusses as available
No reeds
16’ manual stops included |
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Term
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Definition
A large Plein Jeu with Positif coupled to G.O.
Positive pr 8 4 2, fl 8, mxt |
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Term
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Definition
Just the Positif Plein Jeu without the G.O., played on Positif
No Plein Jeu on Récit or Echo |
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Term
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Definition
Traditional French Fugue Grave
= reeds supported by light foundations
Common recommendations:
G.O. Trompette 8 alone
G.O. Trompette 8 plus Bourdon 8 with Clairon 4 and Prestant 4
Pos Bourdon 8 with Cromorne 8, sometimes Prestant 4 |
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Term
| Earliest organs in France |
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Definition
Evidence from the Middle Ages, but no extant instruments
First published music dates from first half of 16th c, soon after printing was invented
Earliest instruments tended towards regional styles of nearby countries (Italy south, Germany north) |
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Term
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Definition
The Sun King
“The word 'classical' is associated with the earlier decades of Louis XIV's reign, when the king
himself, together with his architects, dramatists, artists, sculptors, musicians and landscape
gardeners, was intent on recreating the glories of Rome; hence, by extension, the word was
used to denote work of the first rank or authority.” (David Ponsford, French Organ Music in
the Reign of Louis XIV, 5-6.)
As the tradition became established, like much of French culture under the reign of Louis XIV,
it emanated from Paris, and spread from there throughout France
This term typically describes music from the period beginning with Guillaume-Gabriel
Nivers's first Livre d'orgue (1665) and stretching to the late eighteenth century |
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Term
| French Classic organ earliest designers |
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Definition
Many of the tonal characteristics of the French Classic organ originated through the
collaboration of Rouen-based organist and composer Jehan Titelouze and the organ builder
Crespin Carlier
The first written description of what came to be known as the French Classical organ appeared in Mersenne’s Harmonie Universelle (1636)
This Parisian style described by Mersenne became the French style, which dominated organ
building in France from around 1650-1800 |
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Term
| Characteristics of French Classic organ |
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Definition
Though they vary in size, French Classic instruments are remarkably uniform in design and
specification
Essential Characteristics:
Two principal divisions: Grand Orgue and Positif (often referred to as Positif de dos)
Smaller, short-compass divisions: Récit, Echo
Small pedal division containing just two stops: Flûte 8’, Trompette 8’
Suspended key action provides sensitive, light touch |
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Term
| French Classic organ builders |
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Definition
collaboration of Rouen-based organist and composer Jehan Titelouze and the organ builder Crespin Carlier
The first written description of what came to be known as the French Classical organ appeared in Mersenne’s Harmonie Universelle (1636)
Alexandre Thierry
François-Henri Clicquot
Dom Bedos de Celles |
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Term
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Definition
Available on both GO and Pos
Similar or identical to Cornet
1 3/5 always supported at least by the 8' bourdon, 4' prestant, 2 2/3 Nasard
Always:
Bourdon 8
Prestant 4
Nazard 2 2/3
Tierce 1 3/5
Sometimes:
On GO Bourdon 16
On GO Grosse Tierce 3 1/5 and/or Quarte 2
On Pos Doublette 2 and/or Larigot 1 1/3
Grosse Nazard 5 1/3 |
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Term
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Definition
On Grand Orgue
Based on 16' pitch
Bourdon 16
Bourdon 8
Prestant 4
Nazard 2 2/3
Quarte de Nasard 2
Tierce 1 3/5 |
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Term
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Definition
Available on Positive, could find on GO also
basically a cornet
Bourdon 8
Prestant 4
Nazard 2 2/3
Tierce 1 3/5
Sometimes:
On Pos Doublette 2 and/or Larigot 1 1/3 |
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Term
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Definition
| Means "stop" or "combination" |
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Term
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Definition
Two manuals with contrasting stop sounds
Choices:
L on Grand Jeu de Tierce and R on Petit Jeu de Tierce
L on Tromp 8 instead
R on Récit Cornet séparé (short compass) |
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Term
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Definition
Contrasting combos preferred, with RH playing upper two parts and LH playing lowest part
Options:
Cornet séparé
Petite Tierce du GO
R on Cromorne 8, alone or with combos of fl 8, fl 4 or prestant 4
LH on GO voix humaine, bourdon 8, prestant 4 plus tremblant doux with RH bourdon 8, flute 4, plus Nazard on positif
Tremblant doux |
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Term
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Definition
L on Petite Tierce du GO, or Voix Humaine, with Tremblant Doux
R on Rec Cornet séparé, or Pos Cromorne plus 8, 4
Pedal flute 8, sometimes tirasse Jeu de Tierce |
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Term
| Récits sur le Grand Orgue |
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Definition
Solos on the GO
Bourdon 8 plus Prestant 4
Often:
Add Trompette 8, esp for sop or bass
Alternative:
Voix Humaine 8 plus Bourdon 8 and Flute 4, with Tremblant Doux |
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Term
| Récit de Basse de Trompette |
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Definition
Bourdon 8
Prestant 4
Trompette 8
often used Tremblant Forte
Usually accompanied by Jeu doux
Alt:
Add Nazard 2 2/3, and/or remove Bourdon 8
Add Clairon 4
Add Cornet |
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Term
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Definition
Bourdon 8
Prestant 4
Voix Humaine
Tremblant Doux
Alt:
Add Nazard 2 2/3 |
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Term
| Récit de Clairon en Basse |
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Definition
Raison
Bourdon 16
Clairon 4 |
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Term
| Récit dessus de Trompette |
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Definition
uncommon
Trompette 8
Maybe add Clairon 4 and Tremblant Fort |
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Term
| Récit de Tierce en Taille |
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Definition
Solo on the Tierce in the tenor voice
A typical idea: Tenor on Petite tierce of the Positive, acc on Bourdon 8 plus prestant 4 of GO, or Bourdon 8 alone, or Bourdon 16 plus 8, pedal flute 8
Needs a loud, piercing tierce to sound truly authentic |
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Term
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Definition
Most common: Récits de Cromorne
Cromorne 8, often with Bourdon 8 and/or Prestant 4
Récit de Nazard:
Bourdon 8, Prestant 4, with Nazard 2 2/3. Maybe add Larigot 1 1/3 and (rare) Quarte de Nazard (2/3)
Récit de Basse de Trompette
Récit de Trompette en Taille
Voix Humaine, dialogue de Voix Humaine
Récit dessus de Petite Tierce |
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Term
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Definition
On the Positif
Cromorne 8
Sometimes with Bourdon 8
Cromorne alone for Récit dessus de Cromorne |
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Term
| Récit de Basse de Trompette using Cromorne on Pos |
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Definition
Cromorne 8
Prestant 4
Nazard
Tierce |
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Term
| Récit de Cromorne en Taille |
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Definition
Cromorne 8
Bourdon 8
Prestant 4
Maybe Nazard 2 2/3 |
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Term
| Récit de Basse de Cromorne |
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Definition
Cromorne 8
Bourdon 8
Prestant 4
Sometimes:
Add Nazard, Tierce, Doublette, and Larigot
Subtract Bourdon 8
Sometimes only Cromorne with either Nazard or Prestant |
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Term
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Definition
Bourdon 8
Prestant 4
Nazard 2 2/3
Maybe add:
Doublette 2
Quarte de Nazard |
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Term
| Récit dessus de Petite Tierce |
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Definition
Bourdon 8
Prestant 4
Nazard 2 2/3
Tierce 1 3/5 |
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Term
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Definition
Voix Humaine 8
Bourdon 8
Nazard 2 2/3 |
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Term
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Definition
On Positif
Soprano and Bass:
Bourdon 8
Flute 4
Voix Humaine
Tremblant Doux |
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Term
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Definition
Used as accompaniment for Tierce, reeds, or other solos. Many choices possible.
Most common:
Bourdon 8 plus Prestant 4
Less common:
Bourdon 8 with Montre 8
Montre 8 alone
Bourdon 8 with Flute 4
Add Bourdon 16 |
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Term
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Definition
Tremblant Fort with Grand Jeu
Tremblant Doux normally on only one division, or even just for Voix humane |
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