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| Summarize the main environmental factors that microbes encounter and their basic characteristics. |
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Definition
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| Differentiate between micronutrients, macronutrients, and essential nutrients. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define growth factors and metallic ions with examples, and explain their functions in cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare autotrophs and heterotrophs with respect to the form of carbon-based nutrients they require. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the nutritional strategy of two types of chemoautotrophs described in the chapter. |
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Definition
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Term
Contrast chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs as to carbon and energy sources and other unique strategies they may have.
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main differences between saprobes and parasites? |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare and contrast passive and active forms of transport, using examples of what is being transported and the requirements for each. |
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Definition
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Term
| How are phagocytosis and pinocytosis similar? How are they different? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the differences between facilitated diffusion and group translocation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare the effects of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions on an amoeba and on a bacterial cell. If a cell lives in a hypotonic environment, what will occur if it is placed in a hypertonic one? Answer for the opposite case as well. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are most pathogens mesophilic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the ecological roles of psychrophiles and thermophiles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain what it means to be an obligate intracellular parasite. Name three groups of obligate intracellular parasites. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the body are anaerobic habitats apt to be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do superoxide ions and hydrogen peroxide originate? What are their toxic effects? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the process of coevolution and how it influences the development of microorganisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define symbiosis and differentiate among mutualism, commensalism, syntrophy, parasitism, and amensalism, using examples. |
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Definition
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Term
| Outline quorum sensing by using a flow diagram to organize the stages. |
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Definition
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Term
| Relate several advantages to communication within a biofilm. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is microbial growth? Explain the stages in the bacterial cell cycle and binary fission. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is growth called exponential? What causes the pattern of the growth curve? |
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Definition
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Term
| Contrast two different methods of detecting and counting microbial populations, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the relationship between colony counts and colony- forming units. Why can one use the number of colonies as an index of population size? |
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Definition
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Term
Look at the following diagrams and predict in which direction osmosis will take place. Use arrows to show the net direction of osmosis. Is one of these microbes a halophile? Which one?
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the basic metabolism of methanogens. |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss extreme environments and types of extremophiles that live there. |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss extreme environments and types of extremophiles that live there. |
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Definition
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Term
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What biochemical events in quorum sensing ensure that a biofilm can function as a unit?
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Explain how biofilm self-monitoring would favor infections.
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Definition
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Term
Explain what is happening to the population at points A, B, C, and D in the following diagram.
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Definition
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Term
Fill in the following table:
| | Source of Carbon | Usual Source of Energy | Example |
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| Photoautotroph |
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| Photoheterotroph |
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| Chemoautotroph |
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| Chemoheterotroph |
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| Saprobe |
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| Parasite |
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Definition
Fill in the following table:
| | Source of Carbon | Usual Source of Energy | Example |
|---|
| Photoautotroph |
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| Photoheterotroph |
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| Chemoautotroph |
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| Chemoheterotroph |
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| Saprobe |
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| Parasite |
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Term
| Describe extracellular digestion in a saprobe with a cell wall (bacterium or fungus). |
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Definition
| Extracellular digestion in a saprobe with a cell wall (bacterium or fungus).(a) A walled cell is inflexible and cannot engulf large pieces of organic debris. (b) In response to a usable substrate, the cell synthesizes enzymes that are transported across the wall into the extracellular environment. (c) The enzymes hydrolyze the bonds in the debris molecules. (d) Digestion produces molecules small enough to be transported into the cytoplasm. |
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