Term
| Francisella Morphology, Characteristics |
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Definition
| Gram Negative, Coccobacilli, Aerobic, Non-Motile, Intracellular; Survives in water, moist soil, hay |
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Term
| Francisella Growth requirements |
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Definition
| Fastidious, requires cysteine & blood agar (Chocolate agar), slow growth (2d) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Francisella virulence factors (3) |
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Definition
| Capsule, Francisella Pathogenicity Island (FPI), LPS |
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Term
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Definition
| Polysaccharide, anti-phagocytic, binds complement |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular growth, phagosome escape, secretion (Horizontal gene transfer) |
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Term
| LPS - immune stimulating? |
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Definition
| Doesn't stimulate immunity; doesn't bind TLR4 |
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Term
| How is Francisella LPS different than normal LPS? |
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Definition
| Tetra-acylated (instead of 6-acylated), Longer Lipid A Acyl chains (16-18C instead of 12-16C), Sugars instead of phosphate groups --> all to evade immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| Enters phagocytes (inhibits phag/lysosome fusion), replicates in *cytoplasm*, induces apoptosis |
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Term
| Francisella subspecialties and locations |
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Definition
| Tularensis (Type A) --> North America (A1 - East, A2 - West). Holarctica (Type B) --> NA & Europe |
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Term
| States with highest incidence of tularemia |
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Definition
| Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma |
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Term
| What mediates Francisella |
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Definition
| Ticks (vector), rabbits, cats (reservoirs); no person-person spread |
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Term
| Francisella - main clinical types |
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Definition
| Ulceroglandular, Pneumonic, both can progress to Typhoid |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glandular, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal |
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Term
| Ulceroglandular tularemia |
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Definition
| Cutaneous ulcer at site of inoculation, proxmial lymphadenopathy; most common type, lowest mortality |
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Term
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Definition
| Atypical pneumonia, hilar lymphadenopathy, aerosolized form (lawn-mowning), high mortality (>60%) |
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Term
| Tularemia clinical symptoms |
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Definition
| Flu (3-5d), chest pain, liver dysfunction, other organ failure (>6d) |
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Term
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Definition
| Take good Hx; culture in chocolate agar + cysteine, agglutination test, serology for a retroactive Dx |
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Term
|
Definition
| Doxycycline or ciprofloxacin (B-lactams ineffective) |
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Term
| Brucella Morphology, Characteristics |
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Definition
| Gram Negative Coccobacilli, Aerobe, No capsule, Unusual flagella, Intracellular |
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Term
| Brucella infects organs with…? |
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Definition
| Erythritol: Epididymis, placenta, breas, uterus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Urea --> CO2, buffer against low pH of stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Two forms - smooth (with O-antigen, more virulent), rough (no O-antigen). LPS inhibits apoptosis of macrophage. Both are less immune-stimulating than traditional LPS; longer acyl chains |
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Term
|
Definition
| O antigen blocks compliment binding and MHC2. |
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Term
| How to diagnose Brucella LPS |
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Definition
| Monoclonal Ab agglutination |
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Term
| Important Brucella species in order of virulence |
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Definition
| B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, B. canis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mediterranean Basin, Middle East |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acute (<8 wks), Undulant (<1 yr), Chronic (>1 yr) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nonspecific flu (Melintensis, abortus), undulating fever, malodorous perspiration, arthralgia (All types) |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture (gold standard; enriched blood agar), takes long time to grow; Antibodies usually present (IgM, 1 week, then IgG) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vial containing agar slant, must be rotated daily (tricky method) |
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Term
| Lysis centrifugation method |
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Definition
| Lyse RBCs and add sodium citrate, pellet bacteria, plate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Doxycycline and rifampicin (Bc of slow growth, need at least 2 antibiotics for 6 weeks) |
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Term
| Acinetobacter Morphology, Characteristics |
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Definition
| Gram Negative Coccobacilli, Aerobic |
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Term
| Typical location of acinetobacter |
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Definition
| Nocosomial, biofilms in hospital |
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Term
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Definition
| Pilus, exopolysaccharide (involved in biofilm formation), LPS induces inflammation (unlike the other 2) |
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Term
| Acinetobacter risk factor |
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Definition
| Combat wounds; necrotizing fascitis is a dangerous possible symptom |
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Term
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Definition
| Sulbactam (B-lactamase inhibitor) + B-lactam (ampicillin), also Colistin (Polymixin E). Resistant to lots of stuff - B-lactam, Aminoglycoside, Quinolone, Tetracycline |
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