Term
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Definition
| an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling. |
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Term
| Explanations of personality differences are concerned with what? |
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Definition
| Prior Events/ Anticipated Events |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of answers to a questionnaire that asks ppl to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state. |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| assess a person's attitude toward test taking and any tendency to try to distort the results by faking answers |
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Term
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Definition
| a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| a projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure. |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test |
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Definition
| a projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of ppl. |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way. |
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Term
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Definition
| sorts trait terms into a small number of underlying dimensions or "factors" based on how ppl use the traits to rate themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| traits of the five-factor model: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion. |
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Term
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Definition
| to attribute human characteristics to nonhuman animals |
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Term
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Definition
| personality is formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness- motives that can produce Emotional Disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and person's inner struggle to control these forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives. |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse. |
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Term
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Definition
| the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands. |
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Term
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Definition
| the regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal one's underlying motives or feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite. |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group. |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism in which the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development. |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative. |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope. |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities. |
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Term
| Psychosexual Stages - before 6 years old |
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Definition
| distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a person's pleasure-seeking drives become stuck, or arrested, at that psychosexual stage |
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Term
| Oral Stage - in the first year and a half |
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Definition
| during which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed. |
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Term
| Anal Stages - between 2 and 3 years old |
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Definition
| during which experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training. |
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Term
| Phallic Stage - between 3 and 5 years old |
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Definition
| during which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent is usually resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent. |
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Term
| Latency Stage - between 5 and 13 years old |
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Definition
| stage in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| the time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner. |
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Term
| Self-actualizing Tendency |
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Definition
| the human motive toward realizing our inner potential. |
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Term
| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
| an attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance toward another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death. |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Approach |
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Definition
| views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them. |
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Term
| Person-situation Controversy |
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Definition
| the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| dimensions ppl use in making sense of their experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| a questionnaire to measure a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's explicit knowledge of his or her won behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept. |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self. |
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Term
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Definition
| shows that ppl tend to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures. |
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Term
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Definition
| a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from an exploit others. |
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Term
| Psychological or Mental Disorders |
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Definition
| symptoms reflecting abnormalities of the mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| the conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms and causes and possible cures |
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Term
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Definition
| a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems. |
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Term
| DSM-IV-TR definition focuses on 3 key elements that must be present for a cluster of symptoms to qualify as a potential mental disorder.... What are they? |
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Definition
1. A disorder is manifested in symptoms that involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions.
2. The symptoms are associated with significant personal distress or impairment.
3. The symptoms stem form an internal dysfunction (biological, psychological, or both) |
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Term
| DSM-IV-TR also uses a 0 to 100 rating of the person, with more severe disorders indicated by lower numbers and more effective functioning by higher numbers... what's this called? |
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Definition
| global assessment of functioning |
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Term
| European and North American clinicians typically divided disorders into 2 categories |
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Definition
Neurosis- a condition that involves anxiety but in which the person is till in touch with reality.
Psychosis- a condition in which the person experiences serious distortions of perception and thought that weaken his or her grasp on reality. |
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Term
| The first version of a consensual diagnostic system for therapists and researchers |
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Definition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I) 1952
followed by a revision (DSM-II) 1968 |
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Term
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Definition
| the co-occurrence of 2 or more disorders in a single individual. |
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Term
| "Mad Hatter Syndrome" coined in the 1800s |
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Definition
symptoms include: trembling, loss of memory and coordination, slurred speech, depression, and anxiety.
Caused by mercury poisoning
the cure: getting out of the hat business |
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Term
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Definition
| suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress. |
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Term
| Intervention-causation Fallacy |
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Definition
| the assumption that if a treatment is effective, it must address the cause of the problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
| symptoms are chronic excessive worry is accompanied by 3 or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. |
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Term
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Definition
| the percentage of pairs that share the characteristic// high percentage in identical twins |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of sedative drugs discussed in Chap. 8 that appear to stimulate the neurotransmitter (Gamma-aminobutyric Acid)- can sometimes reduce the symptoms of GAD. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations. |
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Term
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Definition
an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function.
fall into 5 categories: 1. animals (rats, dogs, cats, snakes, and spiders), 2. natural environments (heights, darkness, water, and storms) 3. situations (bridges, elevators, tunnels, enclosed places) 4. blood, injections, and injury 5. other phobias including illness and death |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| the presence within an individual of 2 or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed. |
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Term
| Preparedness Theory (of phobia) |
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Definition
| maintains that ppl are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror. |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme fear of venturing into public places. |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsession) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, crating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and assumption of a new identity. |
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Term
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Definition
Mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature...
take 2 forms: depression and bipolar disorder |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
| Unipolar depression- characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances. |
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Term
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Definition
| the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years. |
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Term
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Definition
a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression.
when both: dysthymia and major depressive disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global. |
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Term
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Definition
| an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression) |
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Term
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Definition
the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotions;, and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior.
diagnosed when 2 or more of these signs persist for at least 6 months: delusion, hallucination, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality. |
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Term
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Definition
| a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic. |
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Term
| Grossly Disorganized Behavior |
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Definition
| behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances. |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves emotional over-involvement (intrusiveness) and excessive criticism directed toward the former patient by his or her family. |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning. |
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Term
| DSM-IV-TR lists 10 personality disorders... Fall into 3 clusters: odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/Inhibited |
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Definition
Odd/Eccentric- Schizotypal, Paranoid, Schizoid
Dramatic/Erratic- Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic
Anxious/Inhibited- Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-compulsive |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) |
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Definition
| a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
| an interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem. |
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Term
| Psychodynamic Psychotherapies |
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Definition
| explore childhood events and encourage individuals to use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| a reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalysis treats dreams as metaphors that symbolize unconscious conflicts or wishes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the therapist deciphers the meaning underlying what the client says and does. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of "trying on" different interpretations of the client's thoughts and actions, the analyst may suggest an interpretation that the client finds particularly unacceptable. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies. |
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Term
| Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) |
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Definition
| a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| suing positive punishment to reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| involves giving clients "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards. |
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Term
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Definition
| confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response. |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| a procedure in which a client relaxes all the muscles in his or her body while imagining being in increasingly frightening situations. |
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Term
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Definition
focuses on helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world.
Ellis referred to his therapy as: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| teaching clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment; to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings, and sensations; and to detect symptoms before they become a problem. |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) |
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Definition
| blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies. |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist. |
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Term
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Definition
| has the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them. |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique in which multiple participants work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that help reduce a person's experience of fear of anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| class of drugs that help lift ppl's mood. |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| a treatment that involves including a mild seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain. |
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Term
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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Definition
| a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| a therapy that involves repeated exposure to bright light. |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical destruction of specific brain areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| an inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotherapeutic treatment itself. |
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Term
| 5 ways that licensing boards monitor adherence to ethical principles in therapy are what? |
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Definition
| 1. striving to benefit clients and taking care to do no harm; 2. establishing relationships of trust with clients' 3. promoting accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness; 4. seeking fairness in treatment and taking precautions to avoid biases; and 5. respecting the dignity and worth of all ppl. |
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